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Unlike previous assumptions, the 3D microscopic construction of the macadamia wooden shell (a model for bionics' design) is far from being “isotropic”. The consequences for the exceedingly high toughness towards cracking are investigated by atomic force microscopy to evaluate the vertical stiffeners in a fullerene-type surface architecture of the only 160 μm thick hardshell that is known to withstand up to 2000 N compressive load. Nanoindentations provide hardness and elasticity modulus at stiffeners and more compliant polygon material, as well as differences of indentation coefficients and work of indentation. Nanoscratching provides scratch coefficients and specific full scratch work values that can be compared with varied other materials using interpolations with linear relations between nanomechanical parameters. A particular lotus-type effect is found for the macadamia hardshell surface.

Unusual architecture of the exceedingly tough Macadamia “nut”-shell as revealed by atomic force microscopy and nanomechanics