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The inhibition of calcium phosphate (Ca/P) precipitation by natural organic polyelectrolytes, bio- and hybrid polymers, homo- and co-polymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid containing different functional groups was examined in aqueous solution. Additionally, commonly used phosphonates were also evaluated as Ca/P inhibitors. It has been found that performance of additive (polymeric and non-polymeric) as Ca/P inhibitor depends upon additive concentration, ionic charge, and molecular weight. Based on the inhibition data, the ranking in terms of decreasing effectivess is: biopolymer &gt; hybrid polymer &gt; natural organic polyelectrolytes. Among synthetic polymers the ranking order is: terpolymer &gt; co-polymer &gt; homopolymer. Results on phosphonates evaluation reveal that compared to synthetic polymers, phosphonates show poor performance as Ca/P inhibitors.

The Influence of Natural and Synthetic Additives in Mitigating Calcium Phosphate Scale in Industrial Water Systems