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Brazil has the third largest prison population worldwide—over 700,000 people. At least 28% of them are in prison for drug trafficking. Given that situation, this paper explores the conflicts among the law; the Supremo Tribunal Federal, or Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (STF) and lower court precedents. Based on a qualitative and quantitative study of Tribunal de Justica de Sao Paulo, or Sao Paulo State Supreme Court (TJSP) and Superior Tribunal de Justica, or Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ) decisions between 2017 and 2018, this paper focuses on the arguments put forward by those courts to prevent the imposition of non-custodial sanctions on people convicted of drug trafficking even though they may be first-time offenders with no criminal record. Our research shows the main arguments used are related to the amount, type and variety of seized drugs; the convict’s criminal history; the person’s employment status at the time of arrest and the insufficiency of non-custodial sentences in cases of drug trafficking. Our conclusion is that the reasoning behind convictions for drug trafficking favors imprisonment even in situations in which the law and the STF precedents would allow non-custodial sentences. Com mais de 700 mil pessoas presas, o Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar no ranking dos paises que mais encarceram. Desse total, ao menos 28% estao presas  por trafico de drogas. Diante desse quadro, este texto explora as disputas que se estabelecem entre a lei, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e a jurisprudencia dos tribunais inferiores. A partir de estudo qualitativo e quantitativo de decisoes do Tribunal de Justica de Sao Paulo (TJSP) e do Superior Tribunal de Justica (STJ) de 2017 e 2018, este texto revela os argumentos construidos judicialmente para impedir a aplicacao de sancoes nao prisionais a pessoas condenadas por trafico, mesmo quando primarias e consideradas com bons antecedentes. De acordo com a pesquisa, os principais argumentos utilizados dizem respeito a quantidade, qualidade e diversidade de drogas aprendidas, a passagem anterior da pessoa condenada pelo sistema de justica, a situacao laboral da pessoa no momento de sua prisao e, ainda, a insuficiencia da pena nao prisional em caso de trafico. O texto conclui que a fundamentacao das sentencas condenatorias em casos de trafico favorece a aplicacao da pena de prisao, mesmo em situacoes nas quais o arranjo normativo e a jurisprudencia do STF permitiriam decisoes desencarceradoras.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the "Download" link and select "PDF (PT)". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique "Download" e depois selecione "PDF (PT)".

Incarcerating at Any Cost: Drug Trafficking and Imprisonment in Brazilian Court Reasoning