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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: whz@faculty.pccu.edu.tw Introduction Rice bran, a by-product of the rice milling process, constitutes approximately 10% of rough rice grain and is composed of the aleuronic layer of the kernel and some of the endosperm and germ. Rice bran is particularly rich in dietary fiber (21.0%) and lipids (20.9%) and contains significant quantities of protein (13.4%). It is also a good source of B vitamins and minerals (Saunders, 1985). Unrefined rice bran oil consists of 20% saturated, 47% monounsaturated, and 33% polyunsaturated fatty acids (Sayre and Saunders, 1990). Studies in animals have shown a hypolipidemic effect with stabilized, full-fat rice bran, but not defatted rice bran (Hundemer et al., 1991; Kahlon et al., 1992; Marsono et al., 1993; Newman et al., 1992). Stabilized, full-fat rice bran added to the prudent diet of hyperlipidemic adults reduced cholesterol and LDL-C and improved lipid ratios in 78% subjects, and there were no significant differences in the lipid-lowering effects of oat bran and rice bran (Gerhardt and Gallo, 1998). Rice bran contains less total dietary fiber (6 _ 14.4 vs. 15 _ 22 g/100 g), and less soluble fiber (1.8 _ 2.7 vs. 5.3 _ 8.4 g/100 g) than oat bran (Saunders, 1985). It has suggested that the oil is the active component. Compared to other edible plants, rice bran oil contains high unsaponifiable matters (5.0 _ 6.9%), which include several nutritionally important fat-soluble nutraceuticals that could potentially prevent chronic diseases. These nutraceuticals are γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and phospholipids (Gopala Krishna, 2002; Gopala Krishna et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007). γ-Oryzanol, comprised of a mixture of ferulate esters of triterpene alcohol and sterol, is merely found in rice bran and at levels of 1.0 to 3.0% in oil (Khatoon and Gopala Krishna, 2004). γ-Oryzanol has been reported to possess multiple, beneficial Technical paper

The Effects of Processing Steps on γ-Oryzanol Retention in Rice Bran Added Bagels and Doughnuts