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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nomas@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp Introduction Carbonation treatment is performed by solubilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) into liquid foods under pressure. This is one of the most promising techniques for cold pasteurization and/or sterilization of liquid and solid materials, and is likely to replace or partially substitute currently and widely applied thermal processes (Spilimbergo and Bertucco, 2003). Over the past decades, many reports have demonstrated the substantial inactivation effect of carbonation under mild treatment conditions against various microorganisms in vegetative form, such as Escherichia coli (Dillow et al., 1999), Listeria monocytogenes (Wei et al., 1991), and Lactobacillus plantarum (Hong and Pyun., 1999). However, spores of various Bacillus species are metabolically dormant and are thus highly resistant to environmental stress factors (Ghosh et al., 2008). Therefore, it is difficult to inactivate spores by carbonation treatment alone without deteriorating the quality of the food. Fatty acid esters (FAEs), which are used widely as food additives, are known to effectively inhibit the growth of various bacteria both in vegetative and spore forms (Shibasaki, 1979). Medium chain length monoglycerol FAEs, and especially monolaurin, show an antibacterial effect against bacterial spores (Kimsey et al., 1981). We previously demonstrated that the presence of monoglycerol monocaprate (MC10) and monoglycerol monolaurate (MC12) substantially decreased the viable counts of B. subtilis spores after carbonation with heating (CH) (80°C, 5 MPa, 30 min) and prevented their growth during 30 days of storage (Klangpetch et al., 2013). We also revealed the significant inactivation effect of combined treatment of CH with MC10 or MC12 on B. cereus and B. coagulans. In contrast, Geobacillus Note

food science and technology research

The Effect of Combined Treatment with Carbonation, Heating, and Monoglycerol Fatty Acid Esters on the Inactivation and Growth Inhibition of Geobacillus stearothermophilus Spores