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Fluctuations of water levels in wells, if critically studied, may give much information as to the occurrenre, movement, and quantity of available ground water. In some localities the ground-water level has been observed to decline during the day and to rise at night, the decline beginning at about the same hour every morning and the rise at about the same hour every night. This daily decline is due to the withdrawal of ground water from the zone of saturation by plants, and the rise at night is due to upward movement of water under slight artesian pressure from permeable beds of sand and gravel at some depth beneath the water table. In practically every region a part of the water that is discharged by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration of plants is derived from ground water in the zone of saturation. In humid regions much ground water is discharged by evapo'ration and transpiration, but the recharge is generally so great that despite these losses the underground reservoirs overflow into the streams and maintain the stream discharge during much of the year. In arid regions the losses from evaporation and transpiration are high in comparison with the recharge, the ground water reservoirs seldom overflow into the streams, and the streams are dry most o'f the time. Throughout the western part of the United States there are many intermountain valleys that occupy closed rock basins or basins from which comparatively little water can escape either on the surface or underground. In such valleys under natural conditions the average annual ground-water recharge from precipitation on the valley and tributary mountains is about balanced by the average annual discharge by evaporation and transpiration from the areas of shallow ground water, usually located in the lowest parts of the valley, and a measurement of the quantity of ground water withdrawn by these processes may give a close approximation of the quantity of water that annually enters the underground reservoir. The water is largely lost so far as any benefit to man is concerned, but it can be in part reclaimed by means of wells. The amount tha,t can be reclaimed represents the safe yield of the underground reservoir. This can be estimated if the natural discharge is known. The climate of these valleys usually is arid or semiarid. The stream discharge is intermittent or ephemeral and very di:flieult to measure, and it is practically impossible to compute ground-water recharge therefrom. The discharge of ground water, consisting for the most part of evaporation and transpiration,

A method of estimating ground-water supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil: Results of investigations in Escalante Valley, Utah