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The Pine and Popple Rivers, virtually unaltered by man, flow through a semiprimitive area of forests, lakes, and glacial hills. White-water streams, natural lakes, fish and animal life, and abundant vegetation contribute to the unique recreational and aesthetic characteristics of the area. Resource panning or development should recognize the interrelationships within the hydrologic system and the possible effects of water and land-use changes upon the wild nature of the area. The basin covers about 563 square miles in northeastern Wisconsin. Swamps and wetlands cover nearly 110 square miles, and the 70 lakes cover rbout 11 square miles. The undulating topography is formed by glacial deposits overlying an irregular, resistant surface of bedrock. An annual average of 30 inches of precipitation, highest from late siring to early autumn, falls on the basin. Of this amount, evapotranspiration, highest in mid summer and late summer, averages 19 inches; the remaining 11 inches is runoff, which is highest in spring and early summer. Ground water from the glacial drift is the source of water for th-? minor withdrawal use in the basin. Ground-water movement is to streams and lakes and regionally follows the slope of topography and the bedrock surface, which is generally west to east. Ground water is of good quality, although locally high in iron. The major uses of water are for recreation and power generation. E omestic use is slight. No water is withdrawn from lakes or streams, and no sewage or industrial wastes are added to lakes or streams. Most of the flow of the Pine River is used for power generation. The main stems of the Pine and Popple Rivers contain 114 canoeable miles, of which 95 percent is without such major obstructions as falls or large rapids. In general streams support cold-wster fish, and lakes support warm-water fish. Trout is the principal stream and game fish in the basin. The basin has no significant water problems. Future development between the Pine River powerplant and the mouth of the Pine River should have little effect on the western two-thirds of the basin, already largely protected by public ownership or development planning agreements. 2 PINE-POPPLE RIVER BASIN HYDROLOGY, WISCONSIN INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A WILD RIVER? A wild river area, as defined in a policy statement of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "is a stream or section of a stream, tributary, or river and the related adjacent lands located in a sparsely populated, natural and rugged environment where the river is free-flowing and unpolluted, or where the river should be restored to such condition, in order to promote sound water conservation, and promote the public use and enjoyment of the scenic, fish, wildlife, and outdoor recreation values." (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 1967.) Generally most wild rivers are cold-water streams exhibiting natural waterways in an area of characteristic topography, varied vegetation, game fish and mammals, lakes and wetlands, and scenic landscapes. From these conditions arising from land and water resources, man derives certain recreational and environmental values. As a result of public interest in preserving the values c * wild river areas, the Wisconsin Legislature, on November 18, 1965, enacted Statute 30.26 (see section on "Wisconsin Wild River Bill'') expressly designating the Pine and Popple Rivers as wild rivers so that they may be preserved and protected, and their characteristics b? enhanced. HOW WILD IS THE PINE-POPPLE RIVER BASIN? The Pine-Popple River basin is as wild and has as little development as any area in the State of Wisconsin even though the area is not as primitive as a true wilderness area. This wild appearance has been retained because the area is remote from population centers, is isolated by geography, lacks economic mineral resources, and is partly protected by forestry laws. WHY STUDY THIS BASIN? To preserve the wild character of the Pine River and its principal tributary, the Popple River, a thorough understanding of the water resources and their relationships to land, life forms, water use, and resource development must be developed for the entire basin. The purpose of this study is to provide both basic and refined information on water resources and water use to be utilized in making wise decisions for the management of the Pine-Popple area. The objectives of the Pine-Popple River basin study are to: 1. Identify and describe the water resources of the basin and determine the operation of the hydrologic system. 2. Relate this system to recreational development, conservation, and man's current use of the land and water resources. INTRODUCTION 3 3. Interpret the implications of land and water management on the water system. This report describes the water resources and the hydrologic system of the Pine-Popple River basin during 1966 and 1967. It relates this system to the physiography and life forms of the basin and discusses the possible consequences of various kinds of land and waterresource development. The Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Wisconsin Extension, Geological and Natural Fistory Survey cooperated in this study. In addition, the study was con ducted in close collaboration with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. A concurrent wild rivers study was sponsored by the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters to collect biologic and other information, some of which is related to this report. Data were furnished by the Geological and Natural History Survey, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, and the Wisconsin-Michigan Power Company. These contributions were invaluable. Special thanks are accorded to the following: Mr. Jack Mason for game-fish studies and supplemental chemical analyses; Professor Galen Smith and Mr. Robert Rose for studies of aquatic flora; Mr. Harry Kleiman for well-drilling data; Dr. Carl Dutton for information on the bedrock geology; Professor Francis Hole for information on the soils of the area and review of the soil text; Mr. Joe Mills for canoeing information; and Dr. Roger Bay for suggestions and information on peat-bog hydrology. Not to be overlooked are the many observers, canoeists, and homeowners who furnished information. LOCATION, EXTENT, DRAINAGE, AND TOPOGRAPHY The Pine and Popple Rivers drain an area of approximately 563 square miles in northeastern Wisconsin (fig. 1). The Pine-Popple River basin is about 43 miles long and 18 miles wide, and it drains eastward into the Menominee River, which flows into Lake Michigan. Drainage density is low, and the western two-thirds of the area is swampy because it is poorly drained. The Pine River, which has a length of about 78 miles, has a relatively flat gradient in its headwaters and a steeper gradient downstream. The Pine River rises in marsh and swamp at the surface-water divide and flows east for about 19 miles with a gradient of about 2 feet per mile. This swampy area drains outwash. The stream gradient increases to 8 feet per mile for 25 miles; then, for the next 22 miles, where the river flows over resistant bedrock and end moraine, the gradient increases to 14 feet per mile. For the last 12 miles where 4 PINE-POPPLE RIVER BASIN HYDROLOGY, WISCONSIN 4.5.' Surface-water divide 30' 89°00'

The Pine-Popple River basin — Hydrology of a wild river area, northeastern Wisconsin