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Ground water sufficient for watering livestock is available in the western part of the Cow Creek and Soldier Creek Grazing Units of Malheur County, Oreg., if deep wells are drilled to tap the supply. Each well may need to be several hundred feet deep, but perched water at shallower depth may be found in some places. Wells at the sites investigated may afford the cheapest long-range supplies of needed stock water. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND NATURE OF THE WORK The task was to describe the geologic setting and ground-water occurrence in an area where it may become necessary to drill wells to provide water for livestock, thus permitting better use of now unwatered public grazing land. Wells at the sites investigated may afford the cheapest long-teim supplies of such water. The work was undertaken at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Some of the information collected on wells in this general area is given in table 1, and the location of the wells is shown on figure 26. Figure 27 shows cross sections made on the basis of field observations. They illustrate in a generalized manner the geology of the rock units in which the proposed wells will be drilled. GEOGRAPHY The Cow Creek and Soldier Creek Grazing Units, in southwestern Malheur County, Oreg., are part of the Payette section of the Columbia Plateaus province. They are in an area of multiple plateaus that lie at general altitudes between 3,500 and 5,000 feet. Locally, buttes, ridges, domes, and mesas rise a few hundred feet above the plateaus. A small outline map on figure 26 shows the location of the area within Oregon. Most of the plateaus have many shallow creek valleys in which water runs but a few days in most years. The lowest levels of the plateaus are followed by perennial creeks which derive sufficient discharge from springs to maintain at least a small interrupted flow during the dry months of the year. The Owyhee River flows generally northward in a canyon 400 to 600 feet deep. Below the confluence of its three branches at Three 159 160 HYDROLOGY OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN Forks (sec. 34, T. 34 S., K. 45 E.) the river flows northwestward in a sharp, narrow lava-rock canyon to within 3 miles of Rome, where the west wall recedes and the canyon becomes wider. The river flows 6 miles northward across the so-called Rome basin along the east wall, I 0 1 Map compiled from Bureau qf Land Management grazing district maps and Metzger map of Malheur County. 5 MILES Array Map Service 1:250 000 series FIGURE 26. Map of a part of Malheur County, Oreg., showing location of wells proposed in Cow Creek and Soldier Creek Grazing Units. COW CREEK AND SOLDIER CREEK GRAZING UNITS, OREGON 161 a 400-foot escarpment. In this "basin" the low river-cut terraces form a valley floor nearly a mile wide, and the west side of the basin slopes gently upward over soft, deeply eroded sedimentary rocks. North of the Rome basin, lava rock again rises and the sedimentary beds contain thick lava flows. The river passes through this part of its course in a variably shaped but generally sharp canyon northeast and north for an airline distance of about 80 miles to its confluence with the Snake River near Adrian. In the northern half of the canyon below Rome an irrigation storage dam impounds the water in the large Owyhee Reservoir. The major part of the Cow Creek and Soldier Creek Grazing Units lies east of the Owyhee River canyon, between the Three Forks and the Owyhee Reservoir. Within these grazing units most of the broad plateaus lie at nearly the same altitude. The principal streams, Jordan Creek and its mam tributary, Cow Creek, rise in the Owyhee Mountains in Idaho and flow westward across the plateaus in relatively broad, shallow valleys. There are few other permanent streams. Most of the water taken for irrigation from these streams is the runoff from the higher land in Idaho and along the State line in Oregon. The climate is arid and continental, characterized by warm, very dry summers and cool winters. Most of the precipitation occurs between November and April, but a secondary rainy period commonly occurs in May or June. The average annual precipitation, given in records of the U.S. Weather Bureau for stations in and near this area, is given below.

Ground water in the western part of Cow Creek and Soldier Creek Grazing Units, Malheur County, Oregon