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A highway embankment across a stream channel may have one or several bridge openings. In 1953, the pattern of flow through a single opening was quantitatively described by C. E. Kindsvater, R. W. Carter, and H. J. Tracy. The present investigation of the flow pattern at constrictions with two to seven openings is a continuation of the earlier study. Laboratory experiments and the analysis were directed toward the development of methods for (a) computing discharge through multiple-opening constrictions, (b) apportioning a given total discharge among the several openings, and (c) predicting the backwater caused by the constriction. The division of flow among the openings was related to the relative area of each opening, and the relative velocity in the channel immediately upstream from each opening. On the basis of this relationship, the boundaries of the flow channel approaching each opening were established. The head-discharge and backwater characteristics of each opening were then analyzed separately. It is shown that the relations developed for the constriction with a single opening are applicable to each opening of a multiple-opening constriction once the boundaries of the separate flow channels have been established. INTRODUCTION A better knowledge of the pattern of flow through constrictions formed by the crossings of highways and stream channels is becoming increasingly important to hydraulic engineers. This knowledge is used in the design of the location and size of bridge openings and in the computation of velocity of flow and backwater for a given discharge. Another important application is found in the determination of the peak discharge of floods from a survey of high-water marks and the geometry of the channel and constriction. This method of peak-flow determination is frequently used by the U.S. Geological Survey. This study of flow through multiple-opening constrictions is a continuation of a laboratory investigation that began in 1951. The initial part of the investigation, which dealt with flow through single91

Flow through openings in width constrictions