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The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge. The exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells. Unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water. The average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small. The results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data. 2 GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LOWER GEAND RIVER VALLEY, S. DAK. The geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION An extensive program of ground-water investigations was begun in 1945 by the Geological Suivey as a part of the program of the United States Department of the Interior for the development of the Missouri River basin. This report is based on an investigation of the groundwater resources of the Grand River valley, which was begun in May 1946 and was continued at intervals through 1948. The results of chemical analyses of water samples collected from the Grand Rivei in 1949 are also included in this report. The immediate objectives of the investigation were to obtain information on the giound-water conditions in the vicinity of the proposed Shadehill Reservoir, canals, and irrigated areas of the lower Grand River valley, and to study the relation of these ground-water conditions to the domestic and stock-water supplies and to possible future drainage problems. The data collected in the study can be used later to determine the extent and nature of changes in groundwater levels and ground-water quality after the application of irrigation water. This investigation was made under the general supervision of A. N. Sayre, chief of the Ground Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey, and G. H. Taylor, regional engineer in charge of groundwater studies under the Missouri River basin development program. G. A. LaRocque, district engineer for North and South Dakota, supervised the field studies and the preparation of the report. )| The quality-of-water study was made under the general supervision of S. K. Love, chief of the Quality of Water Branch, and P. C. Benedict, regional engineer in charge of quality-of-water studies in the Missouri River basin. Ground-water samples were collected by P. C. Tychsen in 1947 and R. C. Vorhis in 1948. LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA The drainage basin of the Grand River is in northwestern South Dakota and southwestern North Dakota. The basin is 25 to 60 miles across and has an area of approximately 5,700 square miles. The part of the Grand River basin covered by this investigation (see fig. 1) is 500 square miles of the main valley in South Dakota, extending west along the Grand River from its confluence with the Missouri River near Mobridge, S. Dak., to the site of the Shadehill Reservoir, about 6 miles west of Shadehill. The area lies between parallels 45°30' and 46°00' north latitude and between meridians

Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water