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Results of two-dimensional finite-difference simulations of ground-water flow along sections through the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southwestern New Jersey were used to predict ground-water flowpaths and travel times beneath active or historical agricultural areas. Ground-water travel times increased with depth in the aquifer system, and travel times to the nested observation wells approximately matched the ranges of apparent ground-water ages determined by tritium age-dating. Simulation results showed that ground-water flowpaths extend downward and away from the ground-water divide, across the modeled sections, and then upward near the groundwater discharge boundary. Simulation results also show that ground water from agricultural areas travels along flowpaths that extend beneath adjacent forested land at depth. The flowpaths and travel times predicted from simulation results were used to develop a conceptual model of the distribution of elevated concentrations of radium (> 5 pCi/L) and nitrate (> 3 mg/L) within the aquifer as follows: 1. Because travel time increases with depth in the modeled aquifer sections, water containing elevated concentrations of radium and nitrate extends downward in the aquifer to a maximum depth of penetration limited by the time since intensive application of modem agricultural chemicals began (about 50 years ago). Therefore, this maximum depth of penetration is delimited by the 50-year line of equal travel time. 2. Water below the 50-year line of equal travel time predates the application of agricultural chemicals and is unlikely to contain elevated concentrations of radium and nitrate. 3. Water containing elevated concentrations of radium and nitrate originates in an agricultural area and can move along a flowpath that extends from the agricultural area to an area at depth in the aquifer that is overlain by nonagricultural land. The conceptual model can be used to predict the aquifer areas that are likely to contain elevated concentrations of radium and nitrate. These aquifer areas are found beneath agricultural land where ground-water travel time is less than 50 years, and beneath nonagricultural land adjacent to agricultural land where ground water was recharged through agricultural land and has a travel time of less than 50 years. Concentrations of radium and nitrate in water samples from the nested observation wells and piezometers generally support the conceptual model.

water-resources investigations report

Relation of ground-water flowpaths and travel time to the distribution of radium and nitrate in current and former agricultural areas of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, New Jersey coastal plain