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The Hudson River basin encompasses about 13,300 mi2 in parts of eastern New York, Vermont, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. More than 60 percent of the basin is forested, and about 25 percent is agricultural; only 7.8 percent is urban. This report presents analysis of data from the U. S. Geological Survey NWIS (National Water Information System) collected during 1970-90 as part of several water-quality studies. The ground-water data analysis given herein represents nutrient concentrations at 100 wells and pesticide and volatile organic compound concentrations at 11 wells; well-depth and hydrogeologic information are available for all wells used in the analysis. The distribution of wells for which water-quality data are available is uneven throughout the study area. Nitrate concentrations in water from unconsolidated aquifers range from less than the analytical detection limit of 0.1 mg/L (milligram per liter) to 16 mg/L, with a median concentration of 0.23 mg/L, and those from bedrock aquifers range from less than 0.1 to 11 mg/L, with a median concentration of 0.3 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations decrease with depth in unconsolidated aquifers, but not in bedrock. Concentrations of all pesticides and volatile organic compounds in samples from the 11 wells with data were at or below the analytical detection limits, except for diazinon, which was detected at concentrations below 0.04 jug/L (micrograms per liter) at one well (in Schenectady County, N. Y.). Data are insufficient for correlation of nutrient and pesticide concentrations in ground water with land use in the Hudson River basin. Data on nutrient concentrations in surface water are sufficient for an assessment of water-quality conditions in large watersheds (greater than 200 mi2) dominated by agriculture and forest cover and in two watersheds dominated by urban, residential, or industrial land. Pesticide data are sufficient for analysis for DDT, chlordane, and aldrin in streambed sediments, and for 2,4-D in the water column. Most of the pesticide analyses were done during 1972-77. In general, median nutrient concentrations in streams that drain urban watersheds (those that are more than 7.8 percent urban, residential, and industrial land and less than 20 percent agricultural land) and agricultural watersheds (those that are more than 25 percent agricultural land and less than 11.5 percent urban land) exceed those in streams that drain forested watersheds (those that are more than 78 percent forest). Nutrient yields (mass transported per year per unit area) during 1970-80 differ among streams depending on land use. The highest yields for dissolved nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were in streams that drain agricultural and urban watersheds; these yields exceeded 3,200 lb/mi2 (pounds per square mile) for dissolved nitrate, 4,200 lb/mi2 for total nitrogen, and, 450 lb/mi2 for total phosphorus. The lowest nutrient yields were from streams that drain large forested watersheds (drainage areas greater than 2,000 mi2) and the two sites dominated by agricultural land on Schoharie Creek; dissolved nitrate yields at these two sites were less than 1,700 lb/mi2 , and total nitrogen yields were generally less than 3,400 lb/mi 2 . Total phosphorous yields from the large forested watersheds were less than 150 lb/mi2 , but those from Schoharie Creek sites

water-resources investigations report

Water-quality assessment of the Hudson River basin in New York and adjacent states: Analysis of available nutrient, pesticide volatile organic compound, and suspended-sediment data, 1970-90