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Model simulations of large water-level declines and partial aquifer dewatering were used to help define limitations of ground water available for irrigation in parts of the Horse Heaven Hills area of southern Washington. Three formational units within the Columbia River Basalt--the Saddle Mountains, Wanapum, and Grande Ronde--make up the aquifer system in the area, supplying irrigation and domestic-use water from a flow system with a groundwater ridge coincident with the Horse Heaven anticlinal axis. Flow from this ridge to the north and south toward two major drains, the Yakima and Columbia Rivers, is characterized by several broad areas of gentle hydraulic gradient separated by narrow linear areas of steep gradients. These steep gradients lie along barriers of small horizontal hydraulic conductivity coincident with major faults and tightly folded anticlines. The flow system is also controlled by low values of vertical hydraulic conductivity along the Horse Heaven anticline as compared with that found in adjacent synclinal areas. Recharge values, as calculated using daily weather data with a modified Blaney-Criddle formula, were tested in two areas against core-hole measurements of steady-state flux, and were found to be close to flux along ephemeral stream channels, but were larger than flux along adjacent ridge crests. Model calibration indicated the calculated recharge to be realistic. After model calibration, three pumpage alternatives were simulated with recharge from imported water of 16 cubic feet per second and pumpage from the main aquifer of 41, 62, and 104 cubic feet per second. Results indicate that in each case, a number of pumping nodes are dewatered and that, within 50 to 100 years, the system would nearly reach equilibrium with the remaining pumpage. About 80 percent of the pumped water is supplied by capture of ground-water discharge to the Columbia River and most of the rest is supplied by downward leakage of imported irrigation water.

water-resources investigations report

Hydrogeology and simulation of flow and the effects of development alternatives on the basalt aquifers of the Horse Heaven Hills, south-central Washington