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A reconnaissance study of six drainage basins in New Jersey was conducted to evaluate the presence of pesticides from agricultural runoff in surface water. In the first phase of the study, surface-water public-supply drainage basins throughout New Jersey that could be affected by pesticide applications were identified by use of a Geographic Information System. Six basins--Lower Mine Hill Reservoir, South Branch of the Raritan River, Main Branch of the Raritan River, Millstone River, Manasquan River, and Matchaponix Brook--were selected as those most likely to be affected by pesticides on the basis of calculated pesticide-application rates and percentage of agricultural land. The second phase of the project was a short-term water-quality reconnaissance of the six drainage basins to determine whether pesticides were present in the surface waters. Twenty-eight surface-water samples (22 water-quality samples, 3 sequentially collected samples, and 3 trip blanks), and 6 samples from water-treatment facilities were collected. Excluding trip blanks, samples from water-treatment facilities, and sequentially collected samples, the pesticides detected in the samples and the percentage of samples in which they were detected, were as follows: atrazine and metolachlor, 86 percent; alachlor, 55 percent; simazine, 45 percent; diazinon, 27 percent; cyanazine and carbaryl, 23 percent; linuron and isophenfos, 9 percent; and chlorpyrifos, 5 percent. Diazinon, detected in one stormflow sample collected from Matchaponix Brook on August 6, 1990, was the only compound to exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended Lifetime Health Advisory Limit. Correlation between ranked metolachlor concentrations and ranked flow rates was high, and 25 percent of the variance in metolachlor concentrations can be attributed to variations in flow rate. Pesticide residues were detected in samples of pretreated and treated water from water-treatment facilities. Concentrations of all pesticides detected in the treated water were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended Lifetime Health Advisory Limits. INTRODUCTION Agricultural land covers approximately 20 percent of the State of New Jersey and supports a variety of crops. Because of the diversity of crop types, New Jersey farmers use a wide spectrum of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides to control pests. Few data are available regarding the sources, presence, and transport of pesticides in surface water. Pesticides from agricultural nonpoint-source runoff have been detected in surface water in a number of states, including New Jersey. A regulatory water-quality monitoring program was mandated by New Jersey's Safe Drinking Water Act (A-280) as part of an effort to examine the issue of pesticide contamination of drinking water and to develop a list of pesticides to be included in the routine monitoring of surface-water quality by water purveyors. Many of the agricultural chemicals currently (1992) used in New Jersey are not included in the monitoring program, however. In 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE), conducted a two-phase study to investigate the presence of agricultural pesticides in six drainage basins used for public water supply in New Jersey and to determine if these pesticides threaten sources of potable water. During the first phase, a geographic information system (CIS) was used to evaluate land-use, pesticide, and political-boundary data bases to identify 6 drainage basins most susceptible to pesticide contamination of a total of 45 drainage basins used for public water supply across the State. During the second phase, a short-term, intensive surface-water-quality reconnaissance was conducted in the six basins to verify the presence of selected agricultural pesticides in the surface water. Purpose and Scope This report presents the results of a two-phase study conducted during 1990 to investigate the presence of selected pesticides in six drainage basins in New Jersey in which surface water is used for public water supply. The report includes maps of selected calculated pesticide-application rates in New Jersey generated by using a CIS, streamflow hydrographs for each of the six streams in the drainage basins for the sampling period, sampling methods, and results of analyses of 22 surface-water quality and 3 qualityassurance/quality-control samples collected from 7 sites. Description of the Study Area The initial study area consisted of 45 drainage basins used for public water supply located throughout New Jersey and 3 water-supply intakes located along the Delaware River (fig. 1). New Jersey's physiography, geology, and land use are described briefly below. Physiography and Geology New Jersey is divided by the Fall Line into two regions--northern New Jersey and the Coastal Plain (fig. 1)--which differ geologically, hydrologically, and topographically. Northern New Jersey is subdivided into three physiographic provinces. From northwest to southeast they are the Valley and Ridge (635 mi 2 ); the New England, or New Jersey Highlands (900 mi 2 ); and the Piedmont, or Piedmont Lowlands (1,500 mi 2 ). The Fall Line separates the Piedmont physiographic province from the largest province, the Coastal Plain, which encompasses 4,500 mi 2 (Wolfe, 1977, p. 207) (fig. 2). The Valley and Ridge physiographic province consists of a series of northeast-southwest-trending ridges and valleys. The ridges are composed of Devonian and Silurian sandstones and conglomerates, whereas the valleys are carved from Devonian, Ordovician, and Cambrian limestones and shales (Wolfe, 1977, p. 204). The New England physiographic province, also known as the Reading Prong, consists of a series of wide highlands interspersed with long, narrow valleys. The highlands are underlain by Precambrian gneisses and schists. The valleys are underlain by fault-block inliers of Paleozoic limestones and shales that are bordered by Devonian sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, and Silurian conglomerates (Wolfe, 1977, p. 207). The Piedmont physiographic province, or lowlands, is underlain by northwestward-dipping Jurassic and Triassic shales, siltstones, and sandstones. The sedimentary rocks form a broad, southeastward-sloping, hilly plateau. Ridges in this province are composed of Jurassic basalt extrusions and diabase intrusions (Wolfe, 1977, p. 207). The Coastal Plain physiographic province consists of a series of unconsolidated deposits, mainly sand, with some clay, silt, and gravel. The Coastal Plain sediments dip gently to the southeast, toward the Atlantic Ocean, and range from coarse gravel and sand to clay. The mineralogy ranges from mostly quartz to mostly glauconite (Tedrow, 1986, p. 15). The formations range in age from Cretaceous to Tertiary and some areas are covered by Quaternary interglacial fluvial deposits (Wolfe, 1977, p. 207). Land Use New Jersey is the most densely populated State in the country and demographically is predominantly suburban. Land use in New Jersey has changed through time as residential and industrial development spread out from the cities along the main roads. Service-based businesses are interspersed with residential neighborhoods, and the residential neighborhoods extend into rural areas (New Jersey Planning Commission, 1992, p. 19). In 1972, residential areas covered 13.4 percent of the State, whereas commercial, industrial, and urban areas covered only 6.1 percent. Forested land covered more than 28.5 percent of the State at that time, surface-water bodies and wetlands covered 30.4 percent, and barren land (beaches and exposed rock) covered 1.5 percent. These percentages were calculated from the Earth Sciences National Cartographic Information Center's digital landuse data base and Anderson and others (1976). In 1972, only 20 percent of the land in New Jersey was used for agriculture; however, as of 1992 that percentage had decreased to 18 percent (New Jersey State Planning Commission, 1992, p. 79). The intermixing of residential areas with farmland necessitated control of land development and freshwater supplies for drinking and irrigation. Many residential and urban areas throughout the State, especially those north of the Fall Line, obtain their drinking water from surface-water supplies (New Jersey State Planning Commission, 1992, p. 63). Most streams, rivers, and reservoirs that are used as sources of potable water originate in, or flow through, forested areas and agricultural land before they reach a water-treatment plant (fig. 1). Results of Pesticide-Application Surveys In 1985, NJDEPE, as part of the Pesticide Control Program (PCP), conducted a mail survey of the certified agricultural-pesticide applicators in the State. The questionnaire included type of pesticide applied, number of acres treated, type of crop treated, method of application, and the 40 ° 39 E X P L A N A T IO N A G R IC U LT U R A L LA N D D R A IN A G E -B A S IN B O U N D A R Y

Agricultural pesticides in six drainage basins used for public water supply in New Jersey, 1990