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CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Purpose and scope 3 Review of previous investigations 4 Epidemiological studies and the development of recreational water-quality criteria 4 Recent epidemiological studies 6 Comparisons of Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform concentrations 9 Methods of study 11 Sample collection and analysis 11 Statistical methods 13 Relation of Escherichia coli concentrations to fecal-coliform concentrations 15 Predictions of Escherichia coli from fecal-coliform concentrations and the relation of these concentrations to Ohio water-quality standards 22 Risk of illness based on predictions of Escherichia coli concentrations 27 Summary and conclusions 31 References cited 33 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map showing locations of sample-collection sites in the Columbus, Page 7-8. Graphs showing samples that exceeded Ohio water-quality standards for Escherichia coli when fecal-coliform standards were met for bathing waters and primary-contact recreation: 7. Evaluated by use of U.S. Geological Survey data and geometric-mean standards 29 8. Evaluated by use of Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission data and geometric-mean standards 30 TABLES Table 1. Ohio numerical and narrative water-quality standards for bacteria in recreational waters 7 2. Summary of literature on relation between bacterial water quality and swimming-associated illness 8 3. Summary of literature on statistical relations between Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform concentrations 10 4. Regression statistics for Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform concentrations 20 5. Results of analysis of covariance for pooled U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission regressions relating Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform concentrations 22 6. Confidence and prediction intervals for geometric-mean Escherichia coli concentrations from regression relations with fecal-coliform concentrations set to equal Ohio water-quality standards 24 7. Percentage of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission samples that exceeded Escherichia coli water-quality standards while meeting fecal-coliform standards 28 IV ABSTRACT In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended that Escherichia coli (E. coli) be used in place of fecal-coliform bacteria in State recreational water-quality standards as an indicator of fecal contamination. This announcement followed an epidemiological study in which E. coli concentration was shown to be a better predictor of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness than fecal-coliform concentration. Water-resource managers from Ohio have decided to collect information specific to their waters and decide whether to use E. coli or fecal-coliform bacteria as the basis for State recreational water-quality standards. If one indicator is a better predictor of recreational water quality than the other, and if the relation between the two indicators is variable, …

Escherichia coli and fecal-coliform bacteria as indicators of recreational water quality