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This report summarizes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Maryland Water Resources Administration and the Maryland Geological Survey, to estimate amounts of fresh and saline water withdrawn and used in Maryland during 1988-89. During 1988, about 1,480 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) of freshwater was withdrawn from surface-water and ground-water sources in Maryland. Of this amount, 1,240 Mgal/d (84 percent) was used in the State and 240 Mgal/d (16 percent) was transferred to surrounding States and the District of Columbia for water supply. About 7.50 Mgal/d of freshwater was imported from bordering States for use in Maryland. During 1989, total freshwater withdrawals in Maryland decreased to 1,430 Mgal/d, with 1,196 Mgal/d used in the State and 234 Mgal/d transferred to surrounding States and the District of Columbia. About 7.15 Mgal/d of freshwater was imported from bordering States for use in Maryland. During 1988-89, most freshwater withdrawals (about 1,240 Mgal/d during 1988 and 1,200 Mgal/d during 1989 or 84 percent of total for each year) were from surface-water sources. The largest surface-water withdrawals, greater than 100 Mgal/ d, were in Montgomery and Baltimore Counties. These counties provided water sources for public suppliers that serve the Baltimore City and District of Columbia metropolitan areas. More than 70 percent of the fresh surface water (about 889 Mgal/d during 1988 and 852 Mgal/d during 1989) was withdrawn and used in the Potomac drainage basin whereas most ground water (about 172 Mgal/d during 1988 and 159 Mgal/d during 1989) was withdrawn and used in the Upper Chesapeake drainage basin. The Potomac Group aquifers were the largest source of ground water (24 percent of total ground-water withdrawals) in each year. The population of Maryland served by public water-supply systems increased from 3.80 million (83 percent) during 1988 to 3.86 million (84 percent) during 1989. In addition, during the peak tourist season (from May to September), the Ocean City water-supply system served approximately 268,000 more individuals than the base population of about 12,000. During both years, surface water was used by about 69 percent of the State's population and ground water was used by the remaining 31 percent. Ten water-use categories represent the major demands on the surface-water and ground-water resources of the State during 1988-89: Public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power generation, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture (nonirrigation), irrigation, and aquaculture. Notable facts about these uses are: Public supply-810 Mgal/d of freshwater was withdrawn in 1988 (791 Mgal/d during 1989) and delivered for use by residences, commercial establishments, and industries. Public suppliers withdrew the largest quantities of water in the State. Baltimore City received the largest public-supply deliveries, about 147 Mgal/d during 1988 and 145 Mgal/d during 1989. Domestic 488 Mgaljd of freshwater was used during 1988 (486 Mgaljd during 1989). About 425 Mgalld during 1988 and 423 Mgaljd during 1989 were received from public suppliers and about 63.2 Mgal/d during 1988 and 63.1 Mgal Id during 1989 were selfsupplied. All self-supplied domestic water withdrawals were from ground-water sources. Industrial-140 Mgal/d of freshwater was used during 1988 (138 Mgal/d during 1989). About 76.9 Mgal/d during 1988, and 75.9 Mgal/d during 1989 were self-supplied; the remaining water used was delivered by public suppliers. Industries also used 336 Mgal/d of saline surface water during 1988 (356 Mgal/d during 1989). About 80.0 Mgal/d of reclaimed municipal wastewater was used during each year. Mining-23.9 Mgal/d of freshwater was used during 1988-89. About 17.7 Mgalfd during 1988, and 6.77 Mgal/d during 1989 of brackish or saline surface water were withdrawn, primarily for dredging operations. Thermoelectric-power generation 418 Mgaljd of freshwater was used during 1988 (397 Mgalfd during 1989). Smaller quantities of saline surface water were used for cooling purposes during 1989 (4,760 Mgaljd) than during 1988 (6,090 Mgal/d), primarily because of inactivity at a nuclear power plant during most of 1989. Hydroelectric-power generation (instream water use) 15,800 Mgal/d of freshwater was used for the production of electricity during 1988 (21,900 Mgal/d during 1989). Although the amount of water diverted through some plants was considerable, the amount consumed was negligible. Agriculture (nonirrigation)-About 10.4 Mgal/d of freshwater was used during each year of the 2-year period. About 2.44 Mgal/d was from surface-water sources and 7.95 was from ground-water sources. Irrigation 46.5 Mgal/d of freshwater was used during 1988 (36.9 Mgal/d during 1989). Most of the water (41.3 Mgal/d during 1988 and 33.5 Mgal/d during 1989) was used for irrigating farm crops. Aquaculture-7.35 Mgal/d of freshwater was used during 1988 (8.69 Mgal/d during 1989). Saline surface-water withdrawals increased from 4.32 Mgal/d during 1988 to 12.0 Mgal/d during 1989. 1. Words that are bold are found in the "Glossary" section of the report. INTRODUCTION Maryland has a total land and water area of 12,303 mi2 and is subdivided into 23 counties and Baltimore City (fig. 1). The State has abundant surface-water and ground-water resources. As the demand for water increases, however, additional stress is placed on these resources. Effective waterresource management depends, in part, on current and accurate water-withdrawal and use data. Such data are valuable for evaluating effects of withdrawals on the State's water resources, identifying current water-use patterns, and estimating future water demands. The study on which this report is based was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, as part of the National Water-Use Information Program of collecting and compiling reliable sitespecific and aggregated water-use information at State and national levels. The study was conducted in cooperation with the Maryland Water Resources Administration (WRA) and the Maryland Geological Survey. The results of similar studies in 1986 and 1987 are summarized by Wheeler (1990; 1991). Purpose and Scope This report summarizes the amounts of fresh and saline water withdrawn and used in Maryland during 1988 and 1989. The water-use data are discussed briefly and presented in graphs, tables, and maps organized by counties, type of use, drainage basins, and aquifers. In this report, the amount of water withdrawn from sources in each county is distinguished from the amount of water used in each county. Withdrawals in each county include all water withdrawn or transferred to another county or State. Water use is the amount of water actually used in a particular county, including (1) water withdrawn for use in the county and (2) water imported from another county or State. Amounts of self-supplied water and water delivered from public-supply systems are presented for each category of use. The water-use categories discussed in this report are public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power generation, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture (nonirrigation), irrigation, and aquaculture. Water withdrawn by a public or private water utility and delivered to a variety of users is designated as a "public supply." If a public supply is not available or is not used, the water is classified

Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1988-89