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Streamflow characteristics, lake-flow patterns, rainfall, water quality, and sediment composition were studied in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina from March 1987 to January 1989 to characterize natural background conditions, to compare background conditions within areas influenced by runoff from the landfill, and to establish a data base against which future data can be compared. The study was done as part of a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and the South Carolina Public Service Authority. Dye-tracer tests in Lake Marion, conducted under both high-inflow and low-inflow conditions, demonstrated that water discharging to the lake from streams that cross the landfill site flows southeastward, along the eastern shore of the lake. This would be the transport path for any potential contaminants from the landfill that might reach the lake. Instantaneous streamflows in three small streams that drain the study area ranged from 0.00 to 9.8 ft ,/s (cubic feet per second), and monthly mean flows ranged from 0.00 to 1.7 ft /s. Annual mean streamflows during calendar year 1988 were 0.08, 0.69, and 0.41 ft /s at the three sites with complete records for the year. Stream baseflows ranged from 0.00 to 1.0 ft Vs. Annual rainfall at the centrally located raingage totaled 34.9 inches for calendar year 1988. Minimum monthly rainfall was 0.72 inch in June 1988, and maximum monthly rainfall was 6.22 inches in September 1988. Significant differences in the inorganic chemical composition of water and bottom sediments between background stream stations and stream stations downstream of the landfill indicate that land use at the landfill may be affecting the streams, although the effects seem to be related to earth-moving activities and resulting sediment transport and leaching rather than to hazardous-waste disposal. Concentrations of calcium (ranging from 4.6 to 140 mg/t_ (milligrams per liter) and sulfate (ranging from 16 to 350 mg/t_) in water downstream from the landfill exceeded background levels for calcium (ranging from 1.6 to 6.0 mg/_) and for sulfate (ranging from 3.2 to 11 mg/L. The pH at one downstream site ranged from 4.86 to 6.55 and was somewhat lower than the pH at background stations (ranging from 6.21 to 6.80). High concentrations of sulfate and low pH probably are a result of oxidation of pyrite in spoil piles on the landfill. The pH at the other downstream site ranged from 6.77 to 7.26 arid was higher than that at background stations indicating that a sourcje of alkalinity is available to the stream. Maximum concentrations of some trace metals in water downstream from the landfill were higher than background concentrations. Downstream concentrations of zinc were as high as 120 ug/L (micrograms per liter) compared to less than 10 ug/L at the background stations, nickel was as high as 48 ug/L compared to a background concentration of 11 ug/L, and chromium was as high as 36 ug/L compared to a background concentration of 3 ug/L. Maximum concentrations of some trace metals in streambed sediments downstream from the landfill were also higher than concentrations at background stations. Downstream concentrations of zinc were as high as 44 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram) of sediment compared to 24 mg/kg at background stations, nickel was as high as 13 mg/kg compared to 7 mg/kg, chromium was as high as 190 mg/kg compared to 54 mg/kg, and vanadium concentrations were as high as 58 mg/kg compared to 42 mg/kg at background stations. Differences in trace metal concentrations were relativley small at the lake sites. Anthropogenic organic compounds These were generally as prevalent at including phenol and organochlorine compounds, were detected in sediments at the stream sites and lake sites. background sites as at sites downstream from the landfill, indicating that sources other than the landfill exist or have existed for these compounds, the concentration of phenol was as high as 7,900 yg/kg (microgram per kilogram) at one background station, but was below detection limit at the other sites. Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane and dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene were detected at all sites, with concentrations as high as 65 and 54 yg/kg respectively. Polychlorinated biphenyls were detected (47 yg/kg) only in the sediments at the background lake station. Chlordane (as high as 13 yg/kg), dieldrin (0.4 yg/kg), and toxaphene (20 yg/kg) were detected exclusively in sediment at stations downstream from the landfilfL. Concentrations of these organics in the surface water were below detectibn limits. INTRODUCTION A hazardous-waste landfill near in the southeastern United States permitted Since 1977, approximately 1 billion corrosive, acutely hazardous, reactive, and buried at the 279-acre site. Pinewood, S.C., is one of two landfills pounds to accept hazardous waste, of wastes, including ignitable, toxic materials, have been Although considerable effort has characterize the geohydrology of the how the landfill fits into the regional have been raised about the potential been expended in the past to immediate site, little is known about geojhydrological setting. Concerns for contamination of ground water and surface water by leakage from the site. To address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Public Service Authority, is conducting a 3-year study designed to characterize the geohydrology, streamflow, lake-fl^w patterns, water quality, and sediment quality of an approximately 16-mi area surrounding the hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood. The landfill is located within 1,200 ft of Lake Marion, South Carolina's largest reservoir. The regional extent of aquifers, the directions of ground-water flow, and the interaction between ground water and surface water are factors that determine the effects of potential contaminants in the vicinity of the landfill. Purpose and Scope This report presents a characterization of natural background conditions, compares background conditions with those in areas influenced by runoff from the landfill, and, most importantly, establishes a data base with which future data can be compared. The report includes data and descriptions about surface-water drainage patterns, lake-flow patterns under both highand low-inflow conditions, streamflow, estimates of baseflow contribution to streamflow, rainfall, and chemical and physical characteristics of water and bottom sediments collected at selected stream and lake sites for the period March 1987 through early January 1989. Study Area The study area (figs. 1 and 2) is located in the central part of South Carolina, in Sumter County, and includes an approximately 16-mi area surrounding the landfill site that is located about 2 mi (miles) northwest of Rimini, the nearest town, and 5 mi southwest of Pinewood. The study area is in the Middle Coastal Plain physiographic province that is characterized by expansive uplands with subdued relief that separate flat swampy river valleys. It includes parts of the Santee River valley and adjacent uplands. The uplands exhibit gently undulating topographic relief of 25 to 50 ft and contain low-gradient streams; many flat areas contain Carolina bays, which are shallow swampy, oval depressions as large as 2,000 ft across. The Santee River valley is separated from the upland part of the study area by a steep (10to 20-percent grade) erosional escarpment 70 to 80 ft high. Streams cut the escarpment with gradients of 1 to 5 percent. South of the landfill most of the river valley has been flooded to form Lake Marion, the largest reservoir in South Carolina, covering 110,600 acres to an average depth of 12.5 ft. The study area includes about 6 mi 2 of the upper reaches of Lake Marion, approximately 60 percent of which are characterized by dense emergent stands of live and dead trees. The lake, formed by completion of Wilson Dam in 1941, is owned and managed by the South Carolina Public Service Authority. Lake Marion is used for hydropower generation, flood control, and recreation (South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 1983). To the northwest of the landfill, the valley of the Santee River and its tributaries, the Wateree and Congaree Rivers, contains riverine wetlands and 80° 45' 80°3(y 80° 15' 80°0(y

water-resources investigations report

Streamflow, lake-flow patterns, rainfall, and quality of water and sediment in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina, March 1987 through early January 1989