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The U.S. Department of the Interior initiated nine reconnaissance investigations during 1986-87 in response to nationwide concern about harmful effects of irrigation drainage on human health, fish, and wildlife. The investigation of the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project in western South Dakota is one of ten additional reconnaissance investigations conducted during 1988-89. For this investigation, the U.S. Geological Survey collected a total of thirty surface-water-quality samples during April, June, August, and October 1988. Six to ten sites were sampled during each sampling period. An additional 40 surface-water-quality samples were collected at three of the sites during October 1987 through April 1989, and these results are included in the discussion. Bottom sediment was collected at eight of the ten water-sampling sites. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service collected fish samples at three sites during the spring and fall; samples of bird livers and bird eggs were collected at five sites during the summer; and samples of benthic invertebrates and aquatic plants were collected at six sites during the summer. Maximum concentrations of major ions in water samples were measured during the non-irrigation season at Horse Creek above Vale and at the Belle Fourche River near Sturgis, two sites receiving irrigation drainage. Maximum concentrations of selected major ions at these two sites, in milligrams per liter, were: calcium, 440; magnesium, 410; sodium, 890; sulfate, 4,000; and chloride, 750. Concentrations of some dissolved constituents approached or exceeded relevant water-quality criteria at the downstream irrigation drainage sites. Maximum concentrations of selected constituents were: nitrite plus nitrate (as nitrogen), 11 mg/L; boron, 1,500 /*g/L (micrograms per liter); molybdenum, 12 /*g/L, selenium, 34 /*g/L; and uranium, 30 /*g/L. Twenty surface-water samples were collected at six sites and analyzed for 22 pesticides. Atrazine was detected at three of the six sites, with a maximum concentration of 0.3 /*g/L; alachlor was detected at a concentration of 0.3 /jg/L at two sites; cyanazine was detected in one sample at a concentration of 0.5 /*g/L; and prometone was detected in two samples at a concentration of 0.1 /*g/L. Concentrations of some trace elements (arsenic, barium, molybdenum, selenium, and uranium) in bottom sediment at the downstream irrigation drainage sites were near or exceeded the upper range of concentrations measured in western United States soils. The maximum concentration of arsenic was measured at the Belle Fourche River near Sturgis which has received arsenic-contaminated sediment from mining activities in the Black Hills. The pesticides atrazine and carbofuran were not detected in bottom sediment samples. Samples of four different groups of biota, including fish, birds, invertebrates, and plants, were collected throughout the investigation area. With few exceptions, trace-element concentrations in fish, invertebrates, and plants were less than values known to produce harmful effects on growth or reproduct ion. Aluminum concentrations in fish generally were larger than other samples from western South Dakota, but the significance of this result is not known. Arsenic in the majority of samples of fish at the Belle Fourche River near Sturgis exceeded baseline values; the maximum concentration was 7.6 /ig/g (micrograms per gram). The largest arsenic concentration in plants, 115 /jg/g, was in Sago pondweed also from this site. Concentrations of arsenic and mercury at Sturgis greater than at the other sampling sites probably were the result of the mobilization of these elements from floodcontaminated by the past release of gold-mine the Belle Fourche River near plain sediments which have been tailings. Cadmium, copper, and mercury concentrations in whole-body fish tissue generally were less than baseline values. The median concentrations of selenium in fish tissue at Horse Creek (3.0 /jg/g) and the Belle Fourche River near Sturgis (2.9 /jg/g) exceeded baseline values. The largest concentration of selenium in duck livers was 27.5 /jg/g; three of eight samples had concentrations in the range observed in livers from the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge i.n California, where selenium toxicity is known to be a problem. samples A limited number of fish and bird-egg chlorine pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls elevated concentrations of pesticides or PCB's INTRODUCTION During the last several years, there has the quality of irrigation drainage and its humans, fish, and wildlife. Concentrations water-quality criterion for the protection mental Protection Agency, 1986a) have been from irrigated land in the western part California. In 1983, incidences of mortality, tive failures in waterfowl were discovered Service at the Kesterson National Wildlife Valley, where irrigation drainage was impounded toxic trace elements and pesticide residues in western states that receive irrigation have drainage were analyzed for organo(PCB's). No significant were measured in the samples. been increasing concern about potentially harmful effects on of selenium greater than the of aquatic life (U.S. Environin subsurface drainage of the San Joaquin Valley in birth defects, and reproducby the U.S. Fish and Wildlife in the western San Joaquin In addition, potentially been detected in other areas detected

Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project, western South Dakota, 1988-89