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In 1982, the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge was established in San Bernardino Valley to protect unique wetlands habitat for fish and wildlife and an endangered species of fish the Yaqui topminnow. Black Draw, the main surface-water drainage in the valley, is perennial in a short reach in the refuge near the international boundary with Mexico. Ten wells and at least four springs are connected with the wetlands in the refuge. Wetland restoration was begun in response to habitat damage caused by cattle grazing and land clearing for farming. Interlayered alluvium and basalt flows compose the principal aquifer system in the valley. Ground water flows from recharge areas near mountain fronts toward the basin center and then southward. Discharges from flowing wells and springs contribute water to the wetlands in the refuge. Fluctuations in ground-water levels and discharges of flowing wells reflect variations in climatic conditions. Irrigation in the valley is minimal, and ground-water levels have remained stable since the mid1950's. Discharges from flowing wells were measured during 1983-88. Annual discharge from the flowing wells totals about 400 acre-feet. The effects of ground-water withdrawals in Mexico on we 11-discharge rates in the refuge are not known, but continued development could affect ground-water conditions. Ground water in the study area is of acceptable chemical quality for most uses and does not contain concentrations of constituents that exceed State of Arizona water-quality standards. Only small quantities of ground water are withdrawn near the refuge.

Geohydrology and chemical quality of ground water, San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona