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Diversion of streamflow has been proposed from the South Fork Williams Fork (of the Colorado River'basin) in Grand County, Colorado, to the South Platte River basin in eastern Colorado. Wetlands are adjacent to the South Fork Williams Fork at numerous locations in this subalpine valley. The study was designed to evaluate the hydrologic relations between the stream and the adjacent wetlands and to evaluate the potential effects that changes in stream stage resulting from diverting streamflow will have on the hydrology of the wetlands. Four wetlands were studied. Streamflow was expected to be a major source of water supply to two of the wetlands; however, precipitation, snowmelt, valley side-slope flow (including overland and small-channel flow), and ground-water inflow were determined to be the major factors affecting wetland hydrology and the major source of water at all four wetlands. In addition, beaver activity affected water movement in the wetlands. The hydrologic relations in wetlands 1, 2, and 4 were similar. Streamflow is not a substantial source of water to wetlands 1 and 4. The data indicate that ground water flows from the wetlands to the stream. The water sources for the wetlands are precipitation, snowmelt, valley side-slope flow, and ground-water inflow. Overbank flooding did not occur at wetlands 1 and 4. A similar streamflow and wetlands relation exists at wetland 2, with one exception. Near the downstream end of wetland 2, beavers built a dam in the fall of 1985; the resulting backwater flooded part of the wetland. Groundwater levels rose, and the concentrations of dissolved solids and trace elements increased in the ground water. Water levels in the wells at wetlands 1, 2, and 4 nearly always were higher in elevation than the stream. The hydrologic relation between streamflow and wetland 3 was more complex than at the other wetlands. Generally, the water flowed from the wetland to the stream except when stream stage was changed by beaver activity and on the east side of cross section 3A. Beaver-dam construction caused increased stream stage, increased ground-water levels, and sometimes adjacent wetland flooding. Beaver-dam destruction relocated streamflow and lowered stream stages and wetland ground-water levels adjacent to the dams. The east side of cross section 3A is physiographically different from the other wetlands. Data that were collected using a hydraulic potentiomanometer indicated water movement from the stream into the wetland ground water at the upstream end of the wetland and from the wetland ground water to the stream at the downstream end of the wetland. 1 The primary conclusion of the study is that streamflow is not a substantial source of recharge to the ground water in the wetlands. Stream overbank flow and stream recharge to the wetland ground water were uncommon and affected only a limited area near the stream. Consequently, decreases in stream stage due to diversion of main-channel surface-water flows likely will not affect most of the wetland areas studied.

Hydrologic relations between streamflow and subalpine wetlands in Grand County, Colorado