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Sediment and benthic-invertebrate data were collected during water years 1985 through 1988 in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, Colorado. Sediment data collected include suspended-sediment concentrations and particle-size analysis of suspended sediment, bedload, and bed material. The smallest median suspended-sediment concentrations were determined for suspended-sediment samples collected at Monument Creek at Palmer Lake and Monument Creek above North Gate Boulevard, at U.S. Air Force Academy. Maximum and median suspended-sediment concentrations were largest at Fountain Creek near Colorado Springs and Monument Creek at Bijou Street at Colorado Springs. Sediment-transport equations were derived for total suspended-sediment discharge and suspended-sand discharge at seven periodic sampling sites. Annual suspended-sediment loads for water years 1985 through 1988 and mean annual suspended-sediment yields were computed for the seven periodic sampling sites. Mean annual suspended-sediment yield for 1985 through 1988 increased about 73 percent downstream in the Fountain Creek drainage basin primarily as a result of sediment discharging from Monument Creek. Mean annual suspended-sediment yields decreased about 30 percent in the lower part of the Fountain Creek drainage basin. In the downstream parts of the Monument Creek drainage basin, mean annual suspended-sediment yield increased about 608 percent. The median grain size of all bed-material samples was very coarse sand to small cobbles, and the median grain size of all bedload samples was coarse sand to very fine gravel. Bedload discharge was computed at six of the periodic sampling sites. Measured bedload discharge ranged from 2.6 to 3,570 tons per day. Bedload discharge, as a percentage of total sediment discharge, ranged from 6 to 92 percent, and the smaller values occurred during rainfall runoff. Except for 1988, benthic invertebrates were collected four times annually at five of the periodic sampling sites. Number of taxa, species density, and similarity indices were determined for the five sites. At the five benthicinvertebrate sampling sites, 138 taxa were identified; however only 24 were common to all sites. At the benthic-invertebrate sampling sites, changes in streambed elevation was measured periodically during stream-channel crosssection surveys. The more habitat-sensitive benthic invertebrates-Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera were most abundant and were most frequently collected at sites where there was little to no change in streambed elevation. Multiple comparison tests were used to test for similarity of benthic invertebrates between the five sites. Multiple-regression analysis was done to determine the effects of sediment transport on benthic-invertebrate densities. Median grain size of bed material collected in conjunction with benthic-invertebrate samples and flooding during the 30 days prior to sampling consistently accounted for the most variation in mean densities of total organisms for major taxa groups sampled. Benthic-invertebrate densities were largest at sites with larger median grain size of bed material and that had the fewest periods of flooding during the 30 days prior to sample collection. INTRODUCTION The Fountain Creek drainage basin in southeastern Colorado (fig. 1) has been affected by extensive erosion for more than a century. Chapman (1933) used Fountain Creek as an example of a stream that has been affected by greater than normal erosion rates, which he believed began in the late 1870 f s as a result of agricultural development. Since 1950, much agricultural area in the basin has been replaced by urban development. Attention of local and state governments has been focused on the effects of changing land use on streams and rivers in the area. In 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Colorado Springs Department of Utilities, began a study to determine the sediment-transport characteristics and the effects of'sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield. The study area, hereinafter referred to as the basin, is in eastern Teller County and northwestern El Paso County upstream from Widefield. The basin includes 495 mi 2 (square miles) of the Fountain Creek drainage, which also includes the City of Colorado Springs. Purpose and Scope This report defines the sediment-transport characteristics in Fountain and Monument Creeks and describes the effects of sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in Fountain and Monument Creeks. Sediment and benthicinvertebrate data collection began in 1985 and continued through water year 1988. Suspended-sediment data were collected periodically at seven sites; periodic sampling of bedload and collection of bed material occurred at six of the seven sites, and periodic sampling of benthic invertebrates was done four times annually at five sites, except for water year 1988, when only three samples were collected (figs. 1 and 2; table 1). Suspended-sediment data were used to develop suspended-sediment-transport equations that were used to determine suspended-sediment discharge and yields in Fountain Creek and its main tributary, Monument Creek. Bedload and bed-material data and periodic measurements of stream-channel cross sections were used to describe streambed stability at benthicinvertebrate sampling sites. The number of organisms, number of taxa, and similarity indices were determined from benthic-invertebrate data collected at five sites (fig. 1; table 1). Multiple-comparison tests were used to test for similarity of the number of benthic invertebrates among the five sites sampled. Multiple-regression analyses were done to determine the effects of selected water-quality properties and constituents, size distribution of bed material, and frequency of flooding on benthic-invertebrate densities. In this report, the term flooding or flood refers to streamflow resulting from snowmelt or rainfall runoff. EXPLANATION T PERIODIC-BIOLOGICAL, SEDIMENT, AND CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT SITE THAT HAS CONTINUOUS STREAMFLOW GAGING STATION r PERIODIC-SEDIMENT AND CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT SITE THAT HAS CONTINUOUS STREAMFLOW GAGING STATION T PERIODIC-BIOLOGICAL AND SEDIMENT MEASUREMENT SITE THAT HAS CONTINUOUS STREAMFLOW GAGING STATION X" PERIODIC-SEDIMENT, CHEMICAL, AND STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT SITE ^ PERIODIC-CHEMICAL AND STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT SITE jty INACTIVE-CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT SITE F4 NUMBER REFERS TO SAMPLING SITES IN TABLE 1 PERIODIC BED-MATERIAL AND BEDLOAD SAMPLING SITE

water-resources investigations report

Sediment-transport characteristics and effects of sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, southeastern Colorado, 1985-88