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The Chassahowitzka and Homosassa Rivers are spring-fed streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by future development of ground water. Reduction of streamflow may result in upstream movement of saltwater in both streams; however, under certain reduced low-flow discharges, the estimated change in upstream extent of saltwater intrusion is on the order of several tenths of a mile and frequently within the range of predicted error. Data on flow, tides, and salinity define the physical characteristics of the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River Estuaries. Waters along most of the estuaries were reasonably well mixed vertically for the streamflow and high-tide conditions observed during the study. Salinity of the rivers increases downstream and varies considerably at a given location. The location of lowconcentration salinities appears to be less sensitive to changes in flow and tides and migrates over a smaller distance than high-concentration salinities. Multiple linear-regression analysis was used to relate the vertically averaged 3and 5-parts-perthousand salinities in the Chassahowitzka River and the vertically averaged 2and 5-parts-perthousand salinities in the Homosassa River to flow of each river and higfi-tide stage of the gulf. For the positions of the 3and 2-parts-per-thousand salinities, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.77 to 0.85. For the positions of the 5-parts-per-thousand salinity, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.73 to 0.88. Discharge proved to be the only significant parameter in the Chassahowitzka River equations, whereas discharge and tide stage were about equally significant in the Homosassa River equations. A duration analysis for the Chassahowitzka River indicates that the daily maximum upstream extent of the vertically averaged 3and 5-parts-perthousand salinities for October 1984 through September 1985 was at or upstream of river miles 3.0 and 2.3, respectively, about 50 percent of the days. In the Homosassa River, the daily maximum upstream extent of the vertically averaged 2and 5-parts-per-thousand salinities was at or upstream of river miles 5.0 and 3.6, respectively, about 50 percent of the days from October 1984 through September 1985. Upstream movement of saltwater due to pumping 40 million gallons per day from a well field near the headwater springs of the Chassahowitzka River and the Homosassa River was estimated. In the Chassahowitzka River, pumping would cause a 15-percent reduction of average spring flow (from 139 cubic feet per second to 118 cubic feet per second), possibly resulting in an upstream movement of the vertically averaged 3and 5-parts-per-thousand salinities of about 0.3 mile. In the Homosassa River, pumping would cause a 13-percent reduction of average spring flow (from 218 cubic feet per second to 190 cubic feet per second), possibly resulting in an upstream movement of both the vertically averaged 2and 5-parts-per-thousand salinities of about 0.1 mile.

Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida