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Paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado were investigated during the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Paleozoic rocks in the study area are grouped into 11 hydrostratigraphic units on the basis of lithologic and hydrologic properties. Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks and Pennsylvanian and Permian sandstone are regional aquifers, with natural discharges that commonly exceed 50 gallons per minute. Discharges from the Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks to artesian wells and springs can be as much as 3,200 gallons per minute. Other hydrostratigraphic units in the area are either local aquifers or confining layers, with discharges that rarely exceed 50 gallons per minute. Hydraulic-conductivity values for the Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks hydrostratigraphic unit range from less than 0.001 to more than 100 feet per day; transmissivity values range from less than 0.1 to 47,000 square feet per day. The storage coefficient determined from a flowing-well test at Glenwood Springs is 5><10~ 4 . Hydraulic-conductivity values for the Pennsylvanian and Permian sandstone hydrostratigraphic unit range from less than 0.0001 to 20 feet per day. Hydraulic-conductivity values for local aquifers typically range from less than 0.0001 to 2 feet per day. Hydraulicconductivity values for confining layers range from less than 0.0001 to 0.25 foot per day. The Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks hydrostratigraphic unit in the Glenwood Springs area consists of the Dyer Dolomite and the Leadville Limestone. The temperature and chemistry of water discharging from the Leadville Limestone in 18 hot springs and seepage areas at Glenwood Springs indicate that most of the water originated in highlands to the south. Moisture from precipitation and snowmelt in the Lookout Mountain and Grand Hogback areas descends to the Leadville Limestone and Dyer Dolomite through several thousand feet of upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks; locally, the moisture descends through Tertiary basalt. The water is heated as it descends through the overburden and becomes saline by dissolution of halite and gypsum in the Eagle Valley Evaporite. The hot, saline water moves through fractures and solution channels in the Leadville Limestone and Dyer Dolomite toward the Glenwood Springs area, where it mixes with cool, freshwater from the White River Plateau, and discharges as hot springs or seeps into stream alluvium. Artesian flow from wells completed in the Leadville Limestone at Glenwood Springs affects discharges from nearby hot springs and water levels in the alluvium. Recharge to the Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks hydrostratigraphic unit is provided by incident precipitation in outcrop areas on the flanks of uplifts and by fracture leakage through overlying rocks. Water in the hydrostratigraphic unit flows toward the valleys of the Colorado, Green, Yampa, and White Rivers and to structural basins on the eastern and western sides of the study area. Discharge from the hydrostratigraphic unit sustains streams draining the White River Plateau, hot springs at Glenwood Springs and Dotsero, and flowing wells in the McCoy and Glenwood Springs areas. In the Piceance, Sand Wash, and Burns basins, water from the hydrostratigraphic unit percolates into overlying Paleozoic rocks.

Hydrogeology of the Leadville limestone and other paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado, with results of aquifer tests at Glenwood Springs