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This report is a result of a project undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for a series of reports demonstrating methods by which Part B permit applications required in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 might be evaluated. The purpose of the project was to prepare a report that would supplement a series of case studies to be made available to permit writers in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Four sites in the United States were chosen for their potential applicability to geologically similar sites. The Adams County site was chosen to be representative of sites in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale. The intent of a case study is to provide a permit writer with a review of an application for a site that has some similarity to the site being considered. The intent of this report is to provide an example of how available earth-science information might be used in evaluating an application and not to evaluate the acceptability of the site. Because this study is an evaluation of a permit application, the data used are limited to the data supplied in the application and in published reports. Of the five criteria required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to be addressed in the permit application considered in the case study, the application was evaluated to be inadequate in addressing three criteria: (1) Site characterization, (2) ability to monitor the location, and (3) flow paths and 100-foot time of travel. Earth materials at the proposed site near Last Chance, Colorado, are a thin layer of Pleistocene Peoria Loess underlain by Pierre Shale. Hydraulic conductivity of the materials generally is small (0.12 foot per day or less); however, sandy zones found at the site have a hydraulic conductivity of about 1.2 feet per day. The potentiometric surface for the uppermost regionally continuous aquifer is at a depth of more than 100 feet below land surface. However, perched water occurs above the regional aquifer in the sandy zones and in the weathered part of the Pierre Shale. The probable flow path for contaminants leaching from the site would be along the sandy zones. During saturated conditions, the 100-foot time of travel along this flow path probably would be about 3.5 years; because of uncertainty in hydraulic characteristics of the saturated zone, the 100-foot time of travel may range from 9 weeks to 59 years. More detailed site characterization and flow-path analysis are necessary to determine if the applicant is able to monitor the location. INTRODUCTION This report is a result of a project undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for a series of reports demonstrating methods by which RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976) Part B permit appl'ications might be evaluated. The purpose of the project was to prepare a report that would supplement a series of case studies (Office of Solid Waste, 1984b, appendix) to be made available to permit writers in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Four sites in the United States were chosen for their potential applicability to geologically similar sites. The Adams County site was chosen to be representative of sites in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale. The intent of a case study is to provide a permit writer with a review of an application for a site that has some similarity to the site being considered. The intent of this report is to provide an example of how available earth-science information might be used in evaluating an application and not to evaluate the acceptability of the site. Because this study is an evaluation of a permit application, the data used are limited to the data supplied in the application (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1984) and in published reports. This report does not consider any application materials submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency subsequent to the application dated May 22, 1984. The method of evaluation was specified in the "Location Evaluation Methodology" (Office of Solid Waste, 1984b, chapter 2). Hereafter, only the phrase "Location Evaluation Methodology" is used to denote this document. It describes a decision network to be used by a permit writer when determining the acceptability of a site as to the potential for the release of hazardous constituents from the containment area. One of the permit writer's responsibilities is to assess the adequacy and reliability of geohydrological data and interpretations provided in the application. This report focuses on aspects of the application that were inadequate or unreliable; where the information in the application was adequate, little or no elaboration is given. The data and interpretations in this report were supplied in the application or in other publications where so referenced. The following exceptions are the author's interpretations: (1) The presence of perched water, (2) the continuity of sand lenses, (3) stratigraphic discussion of sand lenses, (4) discussion of uppermost-aquifer hydraulic gradient, (5) discussion of flow paths, (6) discussion of effective porosity, and (7) time-of-travel estimates. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA A land development company has applied for a RCRA Part B permit for a hazardous-waste landfill on a 325-acre site in the extreme southeastern corner of Adams County. The site is about 68 mi due east of downtown Denver, near Last Chance, in SW1/4, sec. 25 and NW1/4, sec. 36, T. 3 S., R. 57 W., (Sixth Principal Meridian) (fig. 1). The site is within a larger tract of land owned by the applicant that is in the same township and consists of sections 21-23, 25-27, and 34-36. Topography is characterized by gently rolling hills and ephemeral-stream channels. The land surrounding the site is used predominantly for agriculture, mostly nonirrigated wheat farming and grazing; a small 10 5° 00 ' 10 4° 30 ' 10 4° 00 ' 10 3° 30 ' 4 0 °0 0 ' .,. ... ... ..-, .... .... .r -.. -i_ ^ J w »* *

Example evaluation of a permit application for a proposed hazardous-waste landfill in eastern Adams County, Colorado