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Volume 1, "Hydraulic Characteristics of Open Channels," discusses the hydraulic and channel properties of streams, based on data from several hundred sites. Streamflow and geomorphic data were collected and developed to indicate the range in hydraulic factors typical of open channels, to assist design, maintenance, and construction engineers in preparing rock riprap bank protection. Typical channels were found to have a maximum-to-mean depth ratio of 1.55 and a ratio of hydraulic radius to mean depth of 0.98, which is independent of width. Most stable channel characteristics for a given discharge are the slope, maximum depth, and hydraulic radius. In volume 2, seven procedures now being used for design of rock riprap installations were evaluated using data from 26 field sites. Four basic types of riprap failures *were identified: Particle erosion, translational slide, modified slump, and slump. Factors associated with riprap failure include stone size, bank side slope, size gradation, thickness, insufficient toe or endwall, failure of the bank material, overtopping during floods, and geomorphic changes in the channel. A review of field data and the design procedures suggests that estimates of hydraulic forces acting on the boundary based on flow velocity rather than shear stress are more reliable. Several adjustments for local conditions, such as channel curvature, superelevation, or boundary roughness, may be unwarranted in view of the difficulty in estimating critical hydraulic forces for which the riprap is to be designed. Success of riprap is related not only to the appropriate procedure for selecting stone size, but also to reliability of estimated hydraulic and channel factors applicable to the site. Further identification of channel properties and the development of a new procedure for estimating stone size are presented in volume 3, "Assessment of Hydraulic Characteristics of Streams at Bank Protection Sites."

Rock riprap design for protection of stream channels near highway structures; Volume 2, Evaluation of Riprap design procedures