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The Central Midwest regional aquifer system, in parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Texas, is a region of great hydrologic diversity. This study examines the relationships between climate, vegetation, and soil that affect consumptive water use and recharge to the ground-water system. Computations of potential recharge and consumptive water use were restricted to those areas where the aquifers under consideration were the immediate underlying system-. The principal method of analysis utilizes a soil-moisture computer model. This model requires four types of input: (1) Hydrologic properties of the soils, (2) vegetation types, (3) monthly precipitation, and (4) computed monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) values. The PET simulation is based on the Jensen-Haise method, which requires monthly solar radiation and temperature data. The climatic factors tnat affect consumptive water use and recharge were extensively mapped for the study area. Nearly all the pertinent climatic elements confirmed the extreme diversity of the region. PET and those factors affecting it--solar radiation, temperature, and humidity-show large regional differences; mean annual PET ranges from 36 to 70 inches in the study area. Precipitation shows even greater regional variation, with mean annual precipitation ranging from less than 12 inches in parts of eastern Colorado to more than 50 inches in parts of Arkansas. Furthermore, the variability of annual precipitation tends to increase as average annual precipitation decreases. The seasonal climatic patterns indicate significant regional differences in those factors affecting seasonal consumptive water use and recharge. In the southern and western parts of the study area, consumptive water use occurs nearly the entire year; whereas, in northern parts it occurs primarily during the warm season (April through September). Results of the soil-moisture program, which add the affects of vegetation and the hydrologic characteristics of the soil to computed PET values, confirm the significant regional differences in consumptive water use or actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential ground-water recharge. Under two different vegetative conditions--the 1978 conditions and pre-agricultural conditions consisting of only grassland and woodlandoverall differences in recharge were minimal. Recharge values were significantly different from pre-agricultural conditions only in selected areas where tame hay (principally alfalfa) or fallow acreages were appreciable. Mean annual recharge under both conditions averaged slightly more than 4.5 inches for the entire study area, but ranged from less than 0.10 inch in eastern Colorado to slightly more than 15 inches in Arkansas. Patterns of annual recharge closely paralleled yearly and cool season precipitation (October through March). It was concluded that climatic effects dominated overall regional recharge patterns in the study area, with local variations resulting from differences in vegetation and soil.

water-resources investigations report

Effects of climate, vegetation, and soils on consumptive water use and ground-water recharge to the Central Midwest Regional aquifer system, mid-continent United States