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The aquifer system at each watershed consisted of two localized perched aquifers above a deeper, more regional aquifer. The pre-mining top aquifer was destroyed by mining in each case, and was replaced by spoils during reclamation. The spoils formed new top aquifers that were slowly becoming resaturated at the end of the study period. Water levels in the middle aquifers were about the same after reclamation as before mining, although levels rose in a few places. It appears that the underclay at the base of the new top aquifers at all three sites prevents significant downward leakage from the top aquifer to lower aquifers except in places where the layer may have been damaged during mining. Water in the new top aquifers is a calcium sulfate type, whereas calcium bicarbonate type water predominated before mining. The median specific conductance of water in the new top aquifers was about 5 times > that of the original top aquifers in two of the watersheds, and 1-1/2 times the level of the original top aquifer in the third. Concentrations of dissolved sulfate, iron, and manganese in the top aquifers before mining generally did not exceed US and Ohio EPA drinking water limits, butmore » generally exceeded these limits after reclamation. Water quality changes in the middle aquifers were minor by comparison. Water levels and water quality in the deeper, regional aquifers were unaffected by mining. 20 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on ground water in small watersheds in the Allegheny Plateau, Ohio