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The South Fork Solomon River valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, has an area of about 100 square miles, of which 10,000 acres are used for agriculture. Extensive irrigation uses both sjrfaceand ground-water supplies. Shortages of surface water, particularly during 1972 and 1978 when no surface water was available for irrigation, have required the extensive development of irrigation wells to meet irrigation-water demand. A two-dimensional digital model of transient ground-water flow was applied to investigate the potential effects on the stream-aquifer system of seven management alternatives, proposed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, to determine which might make best use of surface water and ground water. These alternatives included proposals to conserve surface-water supplies by lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay, replacing the lateral canals with pipe, removing phreatophytes, decreasing surface-water use by 75, 50, or 25 percent and replacing it with ground-water sources, and continuing 1978 ground-water use and 1970-78 average surface-water use until the end of the 20th century. Results were assessed by comparison of drawdowns of hydraulic head in the alluvial aquifer and base flow for each simulation. As listed in order of the smallest to the greatest potential effects on the system relative to drawdown and base flow, the alternatives are: (1) Removal of one-half of the phreatophytes; (2) continuation of 1978 ground-water withdrawals and average 1970-78 surface-water supply; (3) replacement of the lateral canals with pipe; (4) lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay; (5) decrease of surface-water use by 25 percent and replacement of it with ground water; (6) decrease of surface-water use by 50 percent and replacement of it with ground water; and (7) decrease of surface-water use by 75 percent and replacement of it with ground water. The removal of one-half of the phreatophytes would result in a decrease in average drawdown in the alluvial aquifer to about 1.74 feet and an increase in base flow of the Solomon River to about 12.3 cubic feet per second. The decrease of surface-water supply by 75 percent and a corresponding increase in ground-water withdrawal would result in an increase in drawdown in the aquifer to about 2.5 feet and a decrease in base flow to about 6.8 cubic feet per second.

water-resources investigations report

Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas