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A subsurface clay dike and mine-entrance hydraulic seals were constructed from July 1979 through May 1980 by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, to reduce acidic mine drainage from abandoned drift-mine complex 88 into Big Four Hollow Creek. Big Four Hollow Creek flows into Sandy Run the major tributary to Lake Hope. A data-collection program was established in 1979 by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate effects of drift-mine sealing on surface-water and ground-water systems of the Big Four Hollow Creek and Sandy Run area just below the mine. Data collected by private consultants from 1970 through 1971 near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (U.S. Geological Survey station 03201700) show that pH ranged from 2.7 to 4.8, with a median of 3.1. The calculated sulfate load was 1,200 pounds per day, and the calculated iron load was 50 pounds per day. Data collected near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (station 03201700) from 1971 through 1979 (before dike construction) show the daily pH ranged from 2.1 to 6.7; the median was 3.6. The daily specific conductance ranged from 72 to 3,500 microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius and averaged 770. The estimated loads of chemical constituents were: Sulfate, 1,100 pounds per day; iron. 54 pounds per day; and manganese, 12 pounds per day. All postconstruction data collected at station 03201700 through the end of the project, May 1980 through June 30, 1983, show that the daily pH ranged from 2.4 to 7.7, with a median of 3.7. Daily specific conductance ranged from 87 to 3,200 microsiemens per centimeter and averaged 1,200. The estimated loads of chemical constituents for this period were: Sulfate, 1,000 pounds per day; iron, 44 pounds per day; and manganese, 16 pounds per day. Standard nonparametric statistical tests were performed on the data collected before and after reclamation. Differences at the 95-percent confidence level were found in the beforeand after-reelamation data sets for specific conductance, aluminum, and manganese at station 03201700. Data collected during the first 6 months after reclamation indicated moderate improvement in water quality only because no highly mineralized water was leaking from the closed mine. Later, perhaps in September 1980, increased hydraulic head behind the clay dike caused the mine water to seep out and degrade the stream-water quality. In order to investigate leakages, dye was injected into two wells that penetrated the closed mine complex 88. One injection revealed that the dye moved to a discharge point at a nearby mine entrance known to be connected to complex 88. No discharge of dye was detected as a result of dye injection into the other well during the project. Acidic mine water continues to seep from the closed mine complex 88. A definitive evaluation of the effects of reclamation on the area's water quality cannot be made until the hydrologic system stabilizes. INTRODUCTION Background Lake Hope f in Vinton County, Ohio, 55 miles southeast of Columbus (fig. 1), was formed in 1939 when Sandy Run was dammed 0.25 mile upstream from its mouth (Tobin and Youger, 1977). The lake is in Zaleski State Forest and is used for recreation. The Middle Kittanning ("No. 6") coal bed was mined extensively in the vicinity north of Lake Hope from the 1850's to the 1950's (Stanley Consultants, 1972, and Stout, 1927). Acidic drainage from abandoned coal drift (underground) mines and unreclaimed surface mines has affected the water quality of the lake (Harris, 1973, p. 3, and Stanley Consultants, 1969, p. 4). Sandy Run, which has its headwaters in the northeastern corner of Vinton County, Brown Township (sections 11 and 12), drains 63 percent of the drainage area contributing to Lake Hope. Both Sandy Run and Big Four Hollow Creek, a tributary of Sandy Run, carry mine drainage (fig. 1). Sandy Run above Big Four Hollow Creek (U.S. Geological Survey station 03201600) has a drainage area of 1.01 square miles; Big Four Hollow Creek (station 03201700) has a drainage area of 0.98 square mile. Principal features of the mine area are shown in figure 2. Acidic water develops when the minerals pyrite and marcasite (iron disulfides), which are found in coal-bearing rocks in Ohio, react with free oxygen and water in partly flooded underground mines. This reaction forms highly acidic, highly mineralized water that may eventually flow into streams. If the abandoned underground mines are completely flooded, most of the free oxygen is no longer available for the chemical reactions that produce acidic water. Attempts have been made to decrease acidic mine drainage into Lake Hope. Mine seals, impoundment dams, powdered lime, limestone-leach ing filters, mine flooding with water or inert gas, and grout curtains have been suggested or tried with varying degrees of success. None of these remedial measures had been

Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio