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Ground water from aquifers associated with coal beds in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio is predominantly a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Sodium bicarbonate type water is less common. Isolated areas of sodium chloride and calcium sulfate types also are present. The water is predominantly very hard, and has a median hardness concentration of 258 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate and a median dissolved-solids concentration of 436 milligrams per liter. Few wells contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter. Bicarbonate concentration in ground water was found to be significantly different among coals, whereas concentrations of bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, and strontium were significantly different between ground water in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations. Many constituents are significantly correlated, but few correlation coefficients are high. The presence of sulfate or iron is attributed to the kinetic mechanism operating during the oxidation of pyrite. The position along the sulfide or ferrous-iron oxidation pathways controls the reaction products of pyrite found in solution, and the formation of either the sulfate or iron constituents. The availability and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the formations exerts control on the water quality. Discriminant-function analysis correctly classifies 89 percent of the observations into the Allegheny or Monongahela Formations. As a verification, 39 of 41 observations from another study were correctly classified by formation. The differences in water chemistry between the Allegheny and the Monongahela Formations are gradational and are attributed to the oxidation of iron sulfide. The diffusion and availability of oxygen, which controls the chemical reaction, is regulated by the porosity and permeability of the rock with respect to oxygen and the presence or absence of carbonates, which controls the pH. INTRODUCTION Ground water generally is not available in large quantities in southeastern Ohio, but it is the most readily obtainable water for most of the rural and village populations. Ground water is also the source of base flow of streams, and directly affects quantity and quality of most streams in southeastern Ohio. One of the major impacts on the ground-water system in southeastern Ohio is surface mining of coal. An assessment and prediction of the consequences of surface mining on ground water is difficult because chemical-quality data are sparse. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to describe the water quality and the principal geochemical controls of water quality in surficial aquifers associated with coal in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio (fig. 1). One hundred ground-water-quality samples were collected from wells completed in the Monongahela and Allegheny Formations, the two principal coal-producing formations in southeastern Ohio (fig. 2). Sixteen samples each were collected from aquifers associated with the Lower Kittanning (No. 5), Middle Kittanning (No. 6) r and Upper Freeport (No. 7) coal beds of the Allegheny Formation and the Meigs Creek (No. 9) and Uniontown (No. 10) coal beds of the Monongahela Formation. Fifteen samples were collected from aquifers associated with the Pittsburgh (No. 8) and five samples from the Waynesburg (No. 11) coal beds of the Monongahela Formation. Sampling Strategy and Methods Samples were collected from the uppermost aquifer associated with each coal bed; well depth typically ranged from 50 to 100 feet. A coal-associated aquifer, for the purposes of this study, is defined as an aquifer in which the identified coal either is the producing zone or directly overlies the producing zone. Samples were collected from domestic wells that penetrated only one coal bed. Aquifers and associated coal beds were identified by field checking drillers' logs with topographic maps, geologic maps, and mineral-resource maps. Well owners also provided information in some cases. Samples were collected from domestic wells at the tap nearest the well after a sufficient amount of water had been removed to ensure a sample representative of the aquifer. Field measurements of temperature, specific conductance, alkalinity, and pH were made.

Ground-water quality and geochemistry of aquifers associated with coal in the Allegheny and Monongahela formations, southeastern Ohio