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A system of glacial outwash aquifers lie in the central James Valley in eastcentrai South Dakota. Within this system, the eastern part of the Tulare aquifer, which has an area of approximately 681 square miles, was simulated by means of a numerical ground-water flow model. The model estimates the yearly average recharge rate for that part of the aquifer lying west of the James River to be approximately 23,000 acre-feet per year. The estimated 1978 yearly average irrigation pumpage rate was 9,800 acre-feet per year. It is expected that, since pumping will reduce discharge from the aquifer through evapotranspiration and flow to the James River, this part of the aquifer would be able to supply irrigation water at recent pumpage rates for an indefinite period. For that part of the aquifer lying east of the river, estimated recharge is 6,800 acre-feet per year. The estimated 1978 yearly average irrigation pumpage rate was 7,200 acre-feet per year. It is estimated that this part of the aquifer would be able to supply irrigation water at 7,200 acre-feet per year for approximately 50 years, at which time excessive drawdown would begin to cause reduced well yields at several locations. INTRODUCTION A system of glacial outwash aquifers used for irrigation lie in the central James valley in east-central South Dakota (fig. 1). The partially water-table glacial outwash aquifer of this study, the eastern part of the Tulare aquifer, is approximately outlined in figure 2 by aquifer model areas A and B. Agriculture is the major economic base of the study area as it is for most of eastern South Dakota. The soil is for the most part very fertile. The principal restraining factor upon crop production is rainfall which averages only about 18.8 in/yr. The irrigation which is practiced in the area commonly doubles the yield of many crops. The purpose of this study is to attempt to predict the ability of the aquifer to supply water for irrigation in the future. The main tool used for this purpose is a numerical ground-water flow model. Certain other methods will be mentioned which give less ambitious but useful predictions. WATER USE Irrigation use in the study area is presently at least 10 times larger than all municipal and domestic use. Thus the effects of all pumping except that of irrigation have been ignored in the aquifer model of this study. Irrigation use has increased

Appraisal of the water resources of the eastern part of the Tulare aquifer, Beadle, Hand, and Spink Counties, South Dakota