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The Fox-Wolf River basin in east-central Wisconsin was selected to test concepts for a water resources information system, using digital mapping technology. A large amount^of recently updated hydrologic information is available in this 16,800 km basin. Several characteristics of the basin are also similar to those in many areas of the country: four surface water cataloging units and three important aquifers; neither great shortages nor great surpluses of water; and local water problems but not problems of extreme severity. The principles exemplified by information system processing in the Fox-Wolf basin are the same as those that can be used in other areas or nationwide. Fifty data sets were included in the Fox-Wolf information system, not counting different forms of the same data set. Many data sets were digitized in vector form from 1:500,000 scale maps and overlays. All data were geometrically transformed into a Lambert Conformal Conic map projection and converted to a raster format with a 1-km grid cell resolution for further processing. In this format, the Fox-Wolf basin is an array with maximum dimensions of 160 by 250 grid cells. Some thematic data were acquired in digital form from the WATSTORE, Water Use, Basin Characteristics, and Ground-Water Site Inventory files. A digital file of city and town populations was also prepared. The inclusion of these data sets required reading the source tape and correctly positioning data features within the raster array. Some data sets also required mosaicking, sorting, and selecting among closely spaced data points. Several of the digital data sets represent point samples of a continuous surface. These points and a minimum curvature algorithm (which approximates the steady state results of a heat-flow equation) were used to generate the surfaces. The result of digitizing and preliminary processing is a group of spatially registered data sets. Parameter evaluation, areal stratification, data merging, and data integration were used to achieve the processing objectives and to obtain analysis results for the Fox-Wolf basin. Parameter evaluation includes the visual interpretation of individual data sets and digital processing to obtain new derived data sets. In the areal stratification stage of data processing, masks were used to extract from one data set all features that are within a selected area on another data set. Most processing results were obtained by data merging. Merging is the combination of two or more data sets into a composite product, in which the contribution of each original data set is apparent and can be extracted from the composite. One processing result was also obtained by data integration. Integration is the combination of two or more data sets into a single new product, from which the original data cannot be separated or calculated. There are eight main benefits of a digital water resources information system: 1. More complete and more objective resource information can be obtained by data analysis. Human errors of omission are minimized, and any human bias has less effect on results. All results are reproducible. 2. The data sets are permanently stored in a form that is easily updated and revised. 3. Digital data sets can be provided to other agencies in a readily usable form for other types of resource assessment or management. 4. There are many available options for formatting, data processing, and display; these options are easily and cheaply implemented. 5. Measures that would be impractical with conventional procedures can be derived from digital data sets (neighborhood slope and relief, for example). Other measures can be obtained faster than with conventional procedures (area measurements, for example). 6. Lower grade personnel can be used for digitizing and simple data processing. Skilled personnel can concentrate on planning, data analysis, and evaluation of results. 7. Both the spatial distribution and amplitude values (or labels) of features in the data sets can be used to obtain useful information. Some information can be obtained from single data sets, but other information is obtained by areal stratification, data merging, data integration, and modeling of multiple data sets. 8. Registered digital data sets offer an improved capability for the study of complex hydrologic problems; the data are in a format that is suitable for most distributed parameter models. The storage and processing of digital maps cannot accomplish all objectives of a water resources summary. Some factors, relationships, and problems are best described in narrative form. Also, some data types, relationships, and totals are more understandable when shown in graphic, tabular, or statistical form. Spatial processing and display mainly offer a highly useful, objective method of showing facts, relationships, and results in readily understandable maplike forms. The system requirements to produce national data sets and national information products for a water resources summary include hardware and software for (1) digitizing maps; (2) reading and entering digital point-data files, vector data sets, and raster data sets; (3) geometric registration to a selected map projection, conversion to a common raster or vector format, and resampling to a common resolution; (4) surface generation; (5) on-line storage of at least several complete data sets; (6) a considerable variety of data analysis options; (7) display and evaluation of data sets and processing results; and (8) generation of maplike products on film or paper.

Application of digital mapping technology to the display of hydrologic information; a proof-of-concept test in the Fox-Wolf River Basin, Wisconsin