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From late 1948 to May 1972, water levels in wells tapping the Floridan aquifer declined as much as 14 feet (4 meters) in northern Clay and St. Johns Counties and more than 20 feet (6 meters) at Jacksonville in Duval County. During 1970-72 water-level fluctuations in 21 wells that tap the Floridan aquifer ranged from 2.0 to 15.2 feet (0.6 to 4.6 meters). Water levels usually are lowest during May and June and highest during January and February. The most intensive area of investigation was 400 square miles (1,040 square kilometers) in northern Clay and southwestern Duval Counties where the hardness of water in the Floridan aquifer was found to be 100 milligrams per liter or less and the chloride concentration was found to be 10 milligrams per liter or less. The Floridan aquifer within the area of investigation consists of 1,100 to 1,800 feet (335 to 550 meters) of soft, porous limestone interbedded with hards, dense limestone and dolomite overlain by several hundred feet of confining beds. The confining beds consist of clay and sandy clay in the Hawthorn Formation and in the overlying shallow aquifer system. Most of the recharge to the Floridan aquifer occurs southwest of the area of investigation in southwestern Clay and eastern Alachua Counties, in a lake region where rainfall percolates downward into the aquifer through sinkholes, solution pipes, and fractures in the confining beds. Some recharge occurs in western Duval and northern Clay Counties. Discharge from the aquifer within the area of investigation is from wells and springs, and by upward leakage into overlying formations. In 1974 withdrawal from wells in the Floridan aquifer amounted to more than 250 million gallons per day (11 cubic meters per second) in Duval County and about 10 million gallons per day (0.4 cubic meter per second) in northern Clay County. The amount of withdrawal from wells in northern St. Johns County was not determined. The beds that make up the Floridan aquifer are highly permeable in places and transmit large amount of water. The specific capacity of several wells that tap the Floridan aquifer in the area of investigation range from 1.3 to 410 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown.

Availability of water in the Floridan aquifer in southern Duval and northern Clay and St. Johns counties, Florida