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The Viking Basin consists of six separate but closetogether areas underlain by surficial glacial-outwash aquifers in Douglas, Otter Tail, and Todd Counties, west-central Minnesota. The total area is 340 mi 2 (square miles) or 880 km 2 (square kilometres). Soils developed on the outwash are generally sandy and excessively well drained. Crops grown on the outwash would benefit from supplemental irrigation. The outwash is underlain by 300 to 400 ft (feet) or 90 to 120 m (metres) of glacial drift, consisting largely of clay till but locally containing buried sand and gravel aquifers capable of yielding large quantities of water to wells. Igneous and metamorphic bedrock beneath the till is not a source of water. Well yields greater than 1,000 gallons per minute (0.06 cubic metre per second) can be obtained from the surface outwash aquifer in about one-third of the outwash area near Carlos (28 mi 2 or 73 km 2 ) and in about half of the outwash area near Parkers Prairie (190 mi 2 or 490 km 2 ). Extensive irrigation with ground water in the Carlos area would lower average water levels from 2 to 8 ft (0.6 to 2.4 m) in the developed area. Average water levels in the irrigated part of the Parkers Prairie area would decline 1 to 3 ft (0.3 to 1 m) Environmental effects would include lowering the levels of lakes and marshes and reducing streamflow out of the areas. An area south of Alexandria (83 mi 2 or 210 km 2 ) is underlain by outwash generally less than 40 ft (12 m) thick. The surface outwash aquifer here can supply enough water for irrigation in only a few places. One irrigation system now operates from a well in a buried outwash aquifer; test drilling may reveal more such aquifers. Outwash in an area near Clotho (15 mi 2 or 39 km 2 ) is locally more than 80 ft (24 m) thick. About 3 mi 2 (8 km 2 ) of this area is irrigable and can probably be supplied with water from the outwash. An area south of Urbank (14 mi 2 or 36 km 2 ) has generally less than 40 ft (12 m) of surface outwash; a few irrigation supplies may be obtainable where the outwash is thickest. In an area southeast of Rose City (13 mi 2 or 1 34 km 2 ), outwash is generally less than 20 ft (6 m) thick, and no irrigation from the outwash seems possible. Water from the outwash is of excellent chemical quality for irrigation. The outwash aquifer is easily contaminated from the surface, however, and a significant danger exists of nitrate contamination of drinking-water supplies. INTRODUCTION The Viking Basin occupies about 340 mi 2 (880 km 2 ) in Douglas, Otter Tail, and Todd Counties (fig. 1). It consists of six individual areas underlain by surficial outwash aquifers, all formed at the same time and in the same manner, but now separated from one another by regions where only clay till appears at the surface. The six areas of outwash will be referred to in this report as the Carlos, Parkers Prairie, Alexandria, Clotho, Urbank, and Rose City outwash areas, after the principal town in or near each. The outwash occupies depressions in the surface of a thick sequence of clay tills. Because the soils of the basin are thin, sandy, and lie above well-sorted clean sand, their waterholding capacity is low. Midsummer rainfall is erratic and usually scanty; thus, crop yields are generally low and partial crop failures are frequent. The study was made to determine the location, quality, and availability of ground water in the surficial outwash, and to predict the probable effects of extensive use of ground water. The information in this report will be of value in planning the use of ground water for irrigation to supplement natural rainfall or for industrial purposes. The Carlos and Clotho outwash areas are drained by the Long Prairie River, the only sizable stream in the Viking Basin. The Wing River and several smaller creeks drain the Parkers Prairie outwash area. The Alexandria, Urbank, and Rose City outwash areas have no large streams. In general, the surface drainage of the basin is poorly developed, both because the outwash is highly permeable and because the landscape is relatively young. Although tourism and light industry are important, farming is the principal source of income in the basin. At present (1974), 14 farmers irrigate, most of them having started within the last 5 years. 95°30 95°15' iR. 38 W. R. 37 W. IR. 36 W. R. 35 W. OUTWASH ROSE CITY OUTWA AR

Ground water for irrigation in the Viking Basin, west-central Minnesota