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The Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, is 1160 square kilometers in area and ranges in elevation from 1480 to 4120 meters above sea level. The watershed consists of two regions that differ substantially in geology, climate, and land use. The upper basin consists primarily of Precambrian metamorphic and granitic bedrock with alpine, subalpine, montane, and foothills climatic/ecological zones. It is sparsely populated, and forest is the dominant land cover. The lower basin consists primarily of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks with a plains climatic/ecological zone. The majority of the population in the watershed lives in the lower basin, where dominant land covers are grassland, agricultural land, and urbanized land. Streamflow in the Boulder Creek Watershed originates primarily as snowmelt at and near the Continental Divide, and thus discharge shows great seasonal and annual variation. Most of the water in Boulder Creek is diverted for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Some diverted water is returned as wastewater effluent and groundwater contributions to baseflow. Nonnative water is brought into the watershed by transbasin diversions. These diversions and returns lead to complex temporal and spatial variations in discharge. The differing geology, climate, land use, and water use produce variations in water quality within the watershed. Boulder Creek can be further divided into five reaches based on hydrology and water quality: headwater, mountain, urban, wastewater-dominated, and wastewater/agricultural/aggregate-mining dominated reaches. The issues affecting the Boulder Creek Watershed are typical for many river systems in the American West. Accordingly, the Boulder Creek Watershed offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate the potential effects of natural and anthropogenic processes on a small river system. Boulder Creek and its tributaries were sampled during high-flow and low-flow conditions in the year 2000. The study was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey, the city of Boulder, and the University of Colorado, and included measurements of discharge, basic water quality variables, major ions, trace metals, wastewaterderived organic compounds, and pesticides. In addition, geographic information systems were used to delineate geology, land use, and watershed boundaries. This chapter briefly describes the physiography, climate, geology, vegetation, land use, and hydrology of the Boulder Creek Watershed and the natural and anthropogenic factors that can potentially affect water quantity and quality.

Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000