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The principle sources of trace elements entering upper Tenmile Creek, Montana, during September 2011, four trace metals and the metalloid arsenic, were identified and quantified by combining and analyzing streamflow data determined from tracer injection with trace-element concentrations and related water-quality data determined from synoptic sampling. The study reach was along upper Tenmile Creek, beginning downstream from the city of Helena’s diversion and extending 5,020 feet downstream. Results from the 2011 study, completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, were compared to results from a similar study conducted in 1998 to assess the effectiveness of mine reclamation and remediation work to reduce trace-element loading to upper Tenmile Creek, which has been ongoing throughout the drainage basin. Main-stem concentrations of most trace elements analyzed were generally greater in 1998 than in 2011. However, the State of Montana human-health criteria for totalrecoverable cadmium and arsenic were exceeded in parts of upper Tenmile Creek, and concentrations of cadmium and zinc exceeded the acute aquatic-life criteria at all main-stem sites during both studies. Total-recoverable copper concentrations observed in 2011 exceeded the chronic aquatic-life criterion upstream from the Lee Mountain adit, whereas, in 1998, all sites exceeded the acute aquatic-life criteria. Direct comparison of loads from the 1998 and 2011 tracer studies were complicated by the differences in hydrologic conditions. Streamflow in 1998 was about 10 percent of the 2011 streamflow. The Lee Mountain Mine and Susie Lode adit were identified as major contributors of trace elements to upper Tenmile Creek in both studies. However, trace-element loading from the Lee Mountain Mine area was substantially reduced between 1998 and 2011. Total-recoverable loads of all trace elements showed substantial loss in 1998 but increased in 2011 downstream from the Susie Lode adit to the end of the study reach. This reach was one of the primary sources of trace-element loading to upper Tenmile Creek in 2011. This difference indicated that the streambed may act as a sink or a source for trace elements, depending on hydrologic conditions. Introduction The upper Tenmile Creek drainage basin in west-central Montana (defined in this report as that part of the Tenmile Creek basin upstream from the Tenmile Water Treatment plant), is typical of many headwater areas in the western United States where acid drainage from mine lands has affected the quality of water and aquatic resources (Parrett and Hettinger, 2000). Tailings and other artifacts from more than 100 years of mining are scattered throughout the drainage basin (Metesh and others, 1998). Many of these mining artifacts are sources of trace-element (trace metals; primarily cadmium, copper, lead, iron, zinc, and the metalloid arsenic) loads to upper Tenmile Creek (Cleasby and Nimick, 2002). In 1998, a trace-element loading study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) using tracer techniques and synoptic water-quality samples in a 9.8-mile reach of upper Tenmile Creek near Rimini, Montana (fig. 1). Study results identified and quantified several substantial trace-element loading sources to upper Tenmile Creek in the nearly 1-mile subreach that flowed through the town of Rimini (Cleasby and Nimick, 2002). In 1999, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designated upper Tenmile Creek as a Federal superfund site (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002). Since the superfund designation, extensive remediation work has been completed throughout the drainage basin with the goal of reducing trace-element loading to upper Tenmile Creek. Remediation work within the stream reach sampled for this study included the removal of more than 50,000 cubic yards of contaminated mine waste from the Lee Mountain Mine and the Susie Lode and the removal of contaminated soils in residential properties and roads in the town of Rimini. The adit portals (a horizontal passage leading into a mine for access or drainage) for the Lee Mountain Mine and the Susie Lode have been opened and rehabilitated, and pilot scale treatment options have been explored. The USGS, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, initiated a study in 2011 to quantify trace-element loading in the upper Tenmile Creek drainage basin to help assess the effectiveness of mine reclamation and remediation work to reduce trace-element loading to 2 Quantification of Trace-Element Loading in the Upper Tenmile Creek Drainage Basin near Rimini, Montana, September 2011

Quantification of trace element loading in the upper Tenmile Creek drainage basin near Rimini, Montana, September 2011