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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides streamflow characteristics and other related information needed by waterresource managers to protect people and property from floods, plan and manage water-resource activities, and protect water quality. Streamflow characteristics provided by the USGS, such as peak-flow and low-flow frequencies for streamflowgaging stations, are frequently used by engineers, flood forecasters, land managers, biologists, and others to guide their everyday decisions. In addition to providing streamflow characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations, the USGS also develops regional regression equations and drainage areaadjustment methods for estimating streamflow characteristics at locations on ungaged streams. Regional regression equations can be complex and often require users to determine several basin characteristics, which are physical and climatic characteristics of the stream and its drainage basin. Obtaining these basin characteristics for streamflow-gaging stations and ungaged sites traditionally has been time consuming and subjective, and led to inconsistent results. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system application that was created by the USGS to provide users with access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resource planning and management. StreamStats allows users to easily obtain streamflow and basin characteristics for USGS streamflow-gaging stations and user-selected locations on ungaged streams. The USGS, in cooperation with Montana Department of Transportation, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, completed a study to develop a StreamStats application for Montana, compute streamflow characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations, and develop regional regression equations to estimate streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites. Chapter A of this Scientific Investigations Report describes the Montana StreamStats application and the datasets, streamflow-gaging stations, streamflow characteristics, and regression equations (as described fully in Chapters B through G of this report) that are used for development of the StreamStats application for Montana. Introduction The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) periodically updates and provides streamflow characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations (hereinafter referred to as gaging stations). Streamflow characteristics, such as the 1-percent flood (the streamflow that has a 1-percent chance of being exceeded in any given year, sometimes referred to as the 100-year flood) and the consecutive 7-day annual low-flow that can be expected to be lower, on average, once every 10 years (AL7Q10), are frequently used by engineers, flood forecasters, land managers, biologists, and others to protect people and property from floods, plan and manage water-resource activities, and protect water quality. In addition to streamflow characteristics, the physical and climatic characteristics of a drainage basin (basin characteristics) are often needed to understand the mechanisms controlling water availability, water quality, and aquatic habitats at various locations. Streamflow characteristics commonly are needed at locations that are not at or near a gaging station with reported streamflow characteristics. To address this need, the USGS periodically performs regional analyses of streamflow characteristics at gaging stations to develop regression equations and other predictive methods that can then be used to estimate streamflow characteristics for ungaged streams. Use of these regional regression equations for estimating streamflow characteristics can be complex and often requires the user to determine several basin characteristics that may need interpretation. Basin characteristics used in regional regression equations most commonly include the contributing drainage area and mean annual precipitation; however, other physical and climatic characteristics such as mean basin elevation and slope, evapotranspiration, and land cover also are used in the regression equations. Obtaining these basin characteristics for gaging stations and ungaged sites traditionally has been time consuming, subjective, and can lead to inconsistent results. The USGS, in cooperation with Montana Department of Transportation (MDT), Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MT DEQ), and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (MT DNRC), completed a study to develop a StreamStats application for Montana, Montana StreamStats—A Method for Retrieving Basin and Streamflow Characteristics in Montana By Peter M. McCarthy, DeAnn M. Dutton, Steven K. Sando, and Roy Sando 2 Montana StreamStats—A Method for Retrieving Basin and Streamflow Characteristics in Montana compute streamflow characteristics at gaging stations, and develop regional regression equations to estimate streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system (GIS) application created by the USGS to provide users with access to an assortment of data and analytical tools. StreamStats provides streamflow and basin characteristics for USGS gaging stations and provides tools to delineate drainage basins, compute basin characteristics, and solve regression equations to estimate streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites.

Montana StreamStats—A method for retrieving basin and streamflow characteristics in Montana: Chapter A in Montana StreamStats