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Atmospheric mineral dust exerts many important effects on the Earth system, such as atmospheric temperatures, marine productivity, and melting of snow and ice. Mineral dust also can have detrimental effects on human health through respiration of very small particles and the leaching of metals in various organs. These effects can be better understood through characterization of the physical and chemical properties of dust, including certain iron oxide minerals, for their extraordinary radiative properties and possible effects on lung inflammation. Studies of dust from the Nellis Dunes recreation area near Las Vegas, Nevada, focus on characteristics of radiative properties (capacity of dust to absorb solar radiation), iron oxide mineral type and size, chemistry, and bioaccessibility of metals in fluids that simulate human gastric, lung, and phagolysosomal fluids. In samples of dust from the Nellis Dunes recreation area with median grain sizes of 2.4, 3.1, and 4.3 micrometers, the ferric oxide minerals goethite and hematite, at least some of it nanosized, were identified. In one sample, in vitro bioaccessibility experiments revealed high bioaccessibility of arsenic in all three biofluids and higher leachate concentration and bioaccessibility for copper, uranium, and vanadium in the simulated lung fluid than in the phagolysosomal fluid. The combination of methods used here to characterize mineral dust at the Nellis Dunes recreation area can be applied to global dust and broad issues of public health. Introduction Atmospheric dust can affect atmospheric temperatures, melting of snow and ice, marine productivity, and human health. Among mineral particles in dust, ferric oxide minerals possess important radiative properties, can stimulate phytoplankton productivity, and may contribute to inflammation in the human lung, but these minerals remain poorly described with respect to presence in far-traveled aerosol, specific mineralogy (hematite or goethite), particle size, and surface area (Formenti and others, 2010). The diverse effects of atmospheric dust can be better comprehended by characterization of iron minerals in dust. The distinction between hematite and goethite is useful for modeling the effects of dust on radiative forcing (that is, how dust affects the energy balance between incoming and outgoing solar radiation) in the atmosphere and in mountain snow and ice. Results from studies of dust emission in the Nellis Dunes recreation area (NDRA; fig. 1) northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, have been recently published by Goossens and Buck (2009a,b, 2011a,b) and Goossens and others (2012). This 37-square-kilometer (km2) area is the most popular site in southern Nevada for off-road vehicle (ORV) driving. In addition to natural dust emissions caused by wind erosion, large amounts of dust are produced by ORV activity. The situation has attracted concern with respect to human health and air quality because of the proximity of the NDRA to Las Vegas (the NDRA is about 6 kilometers (km) from the northeastern margin of the city) and because the regional wind regime sends NDRA-emitted dust into the city during most of the winter. Iron Mineralogy and Bioaccessibility of Dust Generated From Soils as Determined by Reflectance Spectroscopy and Magnetic and Chemical Properties—Nellis Dunes Recreational Area, Nevada By Harland L. Goldstein,1 Richard L. Reynolds,1 Suzette A. Morman,1 Bruce Moskowitz,2 Raymond F. Kokaly,1 Dirk Goossens,3,4 Brenda J. Buck,3 Cody Flagg,1 Jessica Till,2 Kimberly Yauk,2 and Thelma S. Berquó5 1U.S. Geological Survey. 2University of Minnesota. 3University of Nevada Las Vegas. 4University of Leuven.

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Iron mineralogy and bioaccessibility of dust generated from soils as determined by reflectance spectroscopy and magnetic and chemical properties--Nellis Dunes recreational area, Nevada