English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, conducted a study to examine techniques for estimation of daily streamflows using hydrological models and statistical methods. This report focuses on the use of a hydrologic model, the U.S. Geological Survey’s Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, to estimate daily streamflows at gaged and ungaged locations. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System is a modular, physically based, distributed-parameter modeling system developed to evaluate the impacts of various combinations of precipitation, climate, and land use on surface-water runoff and general basin hydrology. The Cedar River Basin was selected to construct a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model that simulates the period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010. The calibration period was from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2004, and the validation periods were from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010 and January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. A Geographic Information System tool was used to delineate the Cedar River Basin and subbasins for the PrecipitationRunoff Modeling System model and to derive parameters based on the physical geographical features. Calibration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model was completed using a U.S. Geological Survey calibration software tool. The main objective of the calibration was to match the daily streamflow simulated by the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model with streamflow measured at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gages. The Cedar River Basin daily streamflow model performed with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranged from 0.82 to 0.33 during the calibration period, and a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranged from 0.77 to -0.04 during the validation period. The Cedar River Basin model is meeting the criteria of greater than 0.50 Nash-Sutcliffe and is a good fit for streamflow conditions for the calibration period at all but one location, Austin, Minnesota. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model accurately simulated streamflow at four of six uncalibrated sites within the basin. Overall, there was good agreement between simulated and measured seasonal and annual volumes throughout the basin for calibration and validation sites. The calibration period ranged from 0.2 to 20.8 percent difference, and the validation period ranged from 0.0 to 19.5 percent difference across all seasons and total annual runoff. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model tended to underestimate lower streamflows compared to the observed streamflow values. This is an indication that the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling model needs more detailed groundwater and storage information to properly model the low-flow conditions in the Cedar River Basin. Introduction The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with State, county, municipal, and other Federal agencies, collects a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Iowa each year. These data, accumulated during many years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. Surfacewater data for Iowa include records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams as well as stage of lakes and reservoirs. The USGS maintains approximately 170 real-time streamflow gages in Iowa where daily mean streamflow information is available (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011). Iowa has 71,000 miles of rivers and streams (Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 2000), and the gaged sites on those streams only account for a very limited picture of the surface-water flow in the State. There is a strong need by water-resource managers of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) for a consistent and documented method for providing streamflow estimates at ungaged sites in Iowa. The streamflow estimates would aid the water-resource managers in environmental studies, hydraulic design, water management, and water-quality projects across the State. A Cedar River Basin Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) model (Leavesley and others, 1983; Markstrom and others, 2008) was constructed in cooperation with the IDNR as part of an ongoing research project to examine methods of estimating daily streamflow at gaged and ungaged locations. 2 Simulation of Daily Streamflows within the Cedar River Basin, Iowa Purpose and Scope This report documents a distributed-parameter, physically based, PRMS model (Leavesley and others, 1983; Markstrom and others, 2008) constructed for the Cedar River Basin. The report discusses the construction, calibration, and validation of the Cedar River Basin PRMS model and evaluates the suitability of the model as a predictive tool to estimate daily streamflows at gaged and ungaged locations. The constructed PRMS model simulates daily streamflows for the Cedar River Basin from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010. Description of Study Area The Cedar River Basin drains from northwest to southeast across eastern Iowa. The Cedar River Basin at its confluence with the Iowa River has a drainage area of 7,819 square miles (mi2), of which 1,024 mi2 are in Minnesota (Schwob, 1963). The Cedar River Basin includes four landform regions in Iowa (fig. 1)—the Des Moines Lobe, the Iowan Surface, the Southern Iowa Drift Plain, and the Iowa-Cedar Lowland (Prior, 1991; Prior and others, 2009). A detailed description of landform regions can be found in Prior (1991) and Prior and others (2009) as well as in Linhart and Eash (2010). The headwaters of the Cedar River originate in southcentral Minnesota and flow in a southeasterly direction to its confluence with the Iowa River in southeastern Iowa (fig. 1). Cedar River Basin land use is predominately agricultural with two large urban areas—the City of Waterloo in Black Hawk County and the City of Cedar Rapids in Linn County. Table 1 and figure 2 show the 14 USGS streamflow-gaging stations that are included in this study. A detailed description of the Cedar River Basin can be found in Linhart and Eash (2010). Modeling Methods and Techniques The cooperative project developed a PRMS (Leavesley and others, 1983; Markstrom and others, 2008) model for the Cedar River Basin. The calibration of the PRMS model was completed using the Luca (Let us calibrate) software, a multiple-objective, stepwise, automated procedure for hydrologic model calibration (Hay and Umemoto, 2006). The following sections of this report describe the PRMS model and the methods used to develop the Cedar River Basin PRMS model. In addition, a description of Luca and the techniques used within Luca to calibrate the PRMS model are discussed in subsequent sections. Model Development The PRMS modeling software was selected as the tool for hydrologic watershed simulation for the Cedar River Basin. PRMS is a modular, distributed parameter, physical process watershed model developed to evaluate the effects of various combinations of precipitation, climate, and land use on surface-water runoff (Leavesley and others, 1983; Leavesley and others, 1996). PRMS simulates the hydrologic system with known physical laws and empirical relations derived from watershed characteristics (Markstrom and others, 2008). PRMS is designed to account for spatially distributed parameters and watershed characteristics. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of how watershed and meteorological inputs are simulated in the PRMS model. The watershed is divided into a series of contiguous spatial units called hydrologic response units (HRUs), based on hydrologic and physical characteristics such as land-surface altitude, slope, aspect, plant type and cover, land use, soil morphology, geology, drainage boundaries, distribution of precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, and flow direction (Markstrom and others, 2008). HRUs receive and produce streamflow to and from each other, to the atmosphere, and to the drainage network, consisting of stream segments (Goode and others, 2010). Individual HRUs are considered homogenous with respect to hydrologic and physical characteristics and are instantaneously and fully mixed. Energy and a water balance are computed by PRMS daily for each HRU (Markstrom and others, 2008). The development of the Cedar River Basin PRMS model involved several organizational steps to compile the necessary data sets to construct the model. In the development of the PRMS model, HRU boundaries were delineated to accommodate the stream network and provide streamflows at specific locations for calibration and validation. This section describes the procedures used to prepare input data sets, watershed discretization, and parameterization for the Cedar River Basin PRMS model. Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Input and Measured Data The PRMS model minimally requires precipitation and minimum and maximum air temperature as the main climate drivers. PRMS can handle many meteorological inputs; precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation, and potential evapotranspiration were used as the climatic inputs for the Cedar River Basin model. The streamflow-gaging station data and meteorological data sets for precipitation and temperature were collected using the USGS Downsizer program (Ward-Garrison and Modeling Methods and Techniques 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Simulation of daily streamflows at gaged and ungaged locations within the Cedar River Basin, Iowa, using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model