English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In response to continually declining water levels in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, the City of Albuquerque has adopted a water-supply strategy that calls for a transition from the current (2003) complete reliance on ground-water withdrawals to the use of surface-water diversions to meet most city water demand. An integrated system of water-supply lines will allow ground-water withdrawals to supplement surface-water supplies during times of high demand or drought. A simulationoptinlization approach was used to investigate how the City of Albuquerque could distribute ground-water withdrawals among its municipal-supply wells for 2006 through 2040 to achieve certain management objectives for the river-aquifer system of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. The most recent revision of the U.S. Geological Survey ground-water-flow model for the Middle Rio Grande Basin was used to simulate the response of the aquifer system to unit stresses (ground-water withdrawals) applied in each of the 25 well fields operated by the City of Albuquerque for municipal supply. The resultant "response functions" provided important information on the effects of ground-water withdrawals in different locations on the quantity of water depleted from aquifer storage, the quantity of leakage from the Rio Grande and associated groundwater drains, and the magnitude of water-level declines over time. The well fields that caused the smallest depletion of aquifer storage in the simulation model generally also had the largest effect on the river system. Most of these fields are located very close to the Rio Grande, but others located several miles from the river also had a large effect on the river system because the wells are completed in high-conductivity sediments with a good hydraulic connection to the river system. Well fields with the largest effect on aquifer storage and the smallest effect on the river system included fields located farthest from the Rio Grande and fields completed in low-conductivity sediments that allowed only a poor connection with the river system, despite their location within a couple nliles of the Rio Grande. The response functions from the simulation model were incorporated into five optimization models that were designed in a mathematical programming software package and solved with a linear approach. The five models were designed to optimize the annual withdrawal between 2006 and 2040 from each well field to achieve specified objectives. The objectives of all five optimization models were to nlininlize the effects of ground-water withdrawal on aquifer storage and (or) leakage from the river and drains. All five models also included constraints related to projected annual ground-water demand, annual well field capacity, and annual minimum withdrawal per well. Selected models also included constraints related to maximum allowable water-level decline, maximum blended arsenic concentration, and (or) maximum induced infiltration from the river system. Results from the optinlization models demonstrated that altering the relative distribution of ground-water withdrawal that was used by the City of Albuquerque in 2000 could achieve substantial changes to components of the river-aquifer system over the period of interest. The models that incorporated objectives to minimize use of water from aquifer storage indicated that optimization of ground-water withdrawals over a 34-year period could result in about 242,000 acre-feet greater recovery of water in aquifer storage than the non-optimal distribution-enough water to supply City of Albuquerque customers for about 2 years at year-2000 rates of water den1and. Simulated water-level rises as a result of this greater recovery of aquifer storage were as much as 70 feet in parts of Albuquerque between 2000 and 2040. Alternatively, a model that incorporated an objective to minimize leakage of water from the river system indicated that river depletion could be reduced by about 214,000 acre-feet over a 34-year period. Another optimization model was designed to minimize leakage from the river system until the quantity of streamflow that the City of Albuquerque is legally required to contribute to the Rio Grande (to offset the effects of ground-water withdrawals until that time) had been reduced to zero, and to subsequently minimize use of water from aquifer storage. The model indicated that this "debt" to the Rio Grande could be eliminated after about 9 years by using an optimal withdrawal distribution, which is about 9 years earlier than would be achieved using the year-2000 distribution of groundwater withdrawal. The objectives of this model also could be achieved while keeping water-level declines less than about 2.5 feet per year. Results of the optimization models were evaluated for their ability to approximate the water budgets and water-level declines produced by the simulation model, as well as for their applicability to a range of river-aquifer conditions. Comparison between optimization calculations and simulation results indicated that all five optimization models provided a reasonable approximation of the river-aquifer system as represented in the ground-water-flow model, despite the nonlinearities inherent in that model. The response functions used in the optimization models, and therefore the results of the optimization models, also were found to be applicable to a reasonable range of river conditions and ground-water withdrawal scenarios. Although the exact solutions to the optimization models would vary with changes in future water demand, the locations of municipal-supply wells, or other factors, the broader implications of model results for the river-aquifer system would remain important to the management of regional water resources. In particular, information learned about the timing and magnitude of effects of ground-water withdrawals in different locations on aquifer storage and on the river system could be applied to multiple management issues in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, and perhaps in other alluvial basins of the Southwestern United States.

Simulation-optimization approach to management of ground-water resources in the Albuquerque area, New Mexico, 2006 through 2040