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Low-grade ferruginous bauxite deposits occur in the eastern part of Kauai. The bauxite has formed by weathering of basalt of the Koloa Volcanic Series. The deposits underlie old lava flow surfaces in interstream uplands. The bauxite consists chiefly of gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and titaniferous magnetite and contains minor halloysite-metahalloysite. Resources of ferruginous bauxite on Kauai are estimated to be 110 million tons containing an average of 25.9 percent A^Og, 4.7 percent SiOa, 39.4 percent Fe^.Os, and 6.7 percent TiO^. Washing out the -35-mesh material will upgrade the bauxite to 35-40 percent AI L>OH, but the total recoverable bauxite would be reduced to about 30 million tons. Large potential resources of aluminous saprolite, containing more than 10 percent SiO-2, are associated with the bauxite. This saprolite is similar to the bauxite in mineral content, except that halloysite is abundant. Potential resources of aluminous saprolite are about 500 million tons, containing an average of 27 percent Al2 Oa, 20 percent SiOa, 27 percent FeoO3 , and 5 percent TiO2 . Bauxite and saprolite formed by weathering of basalts chiefly by leaching by downward-percolating water. Water in weathered rocks ranges in pH from 4.0 to 5.9 and contains very little dissolved material. Water in fresh rock is higher in pH and contains significant quantities of dissolved silica, alkalies, and alkaline earths. Ferruginous bauxite deposits in West Maui have formed on the Honolua Volcanic Series, and those in East Maui, on the Kula Volcanic Series. Deposits in East Maui contain an estimated 22 million tons averaging 33.4 percent AbOs, 6.6 percent SiOa, 31.4 percent Fe^Os, and 6.7 percent Ti02. Deposits in West Maui may contain about 9 million tons of bauxite that is nearly 5 percent higher in AbOs and somewhat lower in Fe2Oa and TiOs than the bauxite in East Maui. Large deposits of aluminous saprolite occur in both East and West Maui. Crushed basalt, volcanic cinder, beach sand, river sand and gravel, coral, and limestone for construction and road-building materials are the only local mineral resources used on Kauai. Small quantities of salt have been produced by evaporation of sea water. Plastic clay sufficiently low in iron to fire white or light gray occurs on the island but has not been used are not in sufficient quantities and purity to be of much vrlue. If the bauxite is ever mined, titanium and iron are potential coproducts of alumina. INTRODUCTION Detailed investigations of large deposits of lowgrade ferruginous bauxite in the eastern part of Kauai and a reconnaissance of deposits on Maui, Hawaii (fig. 1), were made by the U.S. Geolog; cal Survey in cooperation with the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development. The investigations were made in accordance with recommendations by J. B. Cathcart (1958) of the U.S. Geological Survey, who, with W. A. Calhoun (1958) of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, made a preliminary appraisal of Hawaiian bauxite resources and metallurgical problems. All work done by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines on Hawaiian bauxite, including a study of beneficiation problems and metallurgical testing (Calhoun and Hill, 1961, 1962, 1967), are parts of a program of research on Hawaiian bauxite initiated by Mr. Frank W. Hustace, former Commissioner of Public Lands, Territory of Hawaii. Support of the program was continued by Mr. C. Eric Reppun, who became commissioner shortly after Hawaii became a State in 1959; by Mr. E. H. Cook, Director, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources; and by Mr. Robert T. Chuck, Manager-Engineer of the Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development. Although this investigation was primarily an evaluation of the bauxite deposits, other possible mineral resources on Kauai were also considered; they include construction materials (the island's only rain2 FERRUGINOUS BAUXITE RESOURCES ON KAUAI AND FERRUGINOUS BAUXITE DEPOSITS ON MAUI, HAWAII 1 J;? JU , ,-rto i COO 1 CQO 1 C-70 1 RA° 1 CC

Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii