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After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, we initiated a study to evaluate the liquefaction potential of fill soils in San Francisco. We conducted field investigations at several sites along the San Francisco waterfront where preearthquake data were available and (or) the field performance during the earthquake was well documented. From the interpretation of cone-penetration-test data, several areas with dune sand fills appear to have densified. Preearthquake data indicate that these fill sands were in a loose to medium-dense state before the earthquake. Although several steps in this interpretation require assumptions, the liquefaction assessments for Loma Prieta-type conditions correlate well with the observed performance of the different sites. We show that the damage at several sites would be severe during a postulated M=7.5 event occurring close to San Francisco and that many other sites would be affected to a lesser degree. Even engineered INTRODUCTION After the earthquake, we initiated a study to evaluate the liquefaction characteristics of fill soils in San Francisco. The first part of our study involved a 5-day field investigation in March 1990 to conduct piezocone tests along the Embarcadero (fig. 1) from Piers 7 to 33. In addition, we collected and reviewed field data available from other sources. This particular section of the Embarcadero was selected because of a preearthquake study at the same site (Clough and Chameau, 1979, 1983) in which detailed investigations had been conducted at Telegraph Hill (site 2, fig. 1), along the Embarcadero between North Point and Francisco Streets, and at Yerba Buena Cove (site 3, fig. 1) between Greenwich and Filbert Streets. At a third location (site 4, fig. 1), along the Embarcadero between Vallejo and Broadway Streets, a sand boil about 2 m (7 ft) in diameter was observed after the earthquake. We conducted another field investigation in August 1990 at additional sites along the San Francisco waterfront: at Pier 45 (site 1, fig. 1), Pier 80 (site 5), Pier 94 (site 6), and Hunters Point Naval Base (site 7). Our selection of these sites was based on one or more of the following criteria: (1) well-documented performance of the site during the earthquake, (2) existence of preearthquake data, and (3) importance of the facility. In combination with the Embarcadero sites, the data base covers a range of fill types (from dumped in place to engineered) and observed performance during the earthquake (from major lateral spreading and liquefaction at site 1 to no observable liquefaction at sites 5 and 6). This second part of our study included piezocone tests, seismic cone-penetration tests (SCPT's), pushed-and-driven dilatometer tests (DMT's), and standard penetration tests (SPT's). In addition, several samples of fill and bay mud were collected. B9

Chapter B. The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Liquefaction