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s Introduction 6 Geological Setting 7 Gravity and Magnetic Maps of Washington 8 Magnetotelluric Profiles 9 Faults and Seismicity 10 Velocity Model Construction 10 Velocity Model 2D Cross-sections 11 Juan de Fuca Plate 11 Mafic Wedffe 12 Olympic Mts. Sedimentary Complex 13 Juan de Fuca Plate Arch 13 Seattle Basin and SWCC 13 Crustal Terrane Boundary 14 3D Visualization of Velocity Results 14 Isosurfaces 14 Sedimentary Basins and SWCC 15 General Results From 3D Visualization of Cross-sections 17 S-wave Model 18 Interpretive Geological Cross-sections 20 East-west Transect Interpretation 20 Subduction Thrust Frictional States 21 North-South Transect Interpretation 27 Comparison of Cascadia With Other Subduction Zones 29 Implications for Interplate and Crustal Seismic Hazards 31 2 of 65 6/2/991:17PM Open File Report 99-311 file:///P|/ofr99-/indexhc.html Subduction Zone Source Ground Motions 31 Seismicitv Patterns 32 Deformation Modeling 34 ModfiLConstruction 34 ModfiLTraction Limits 37 Model Stress Results 37 Pn Anistropy 38 Plate Interactions 39 Surface Velocities and Fault Slip Rates 41 Stress Origins and Seismicity in the Puget Lowland 42 1100 yr B.P. Deformation 43 Summary 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 Appendix A-Resolution Tests 59 Figure Captions 60 List of Illustrations 1. Geologic and tectonic index map of Northern Cascadia 66 2. Gravity and magnetic maps of Washington State 67 3. Magnetotelluric models for profiles AA 1 , BB', and CC' 67 4. Earthquakes with magnitudes greater than M4.0 in northern Cascadia 68 5. Grid used for western Washington tomographic velocity model 69 6. Grid outlines for regional Washington velocity model and detailed Mt. Rainier model 69 7. Vertical cross-sections of P-wave velocities along east-west transects 70 8. Vertical cross-sections of P-wave velocities along north-south transects 71 9. Isosurface of P-wave velocities for value of 7.5 km/s 72 10. Overhead view of 7.5 kn/s isosurface 72 11. Isosurface of P-wave velocities from regional model at 7.0 km/s 73 12. Multiple vertical-slice plot for western Washington with basins and SWCC 74 13. Map of elevations of base of Quaternary in Seattle Basin 74 14. Row 14 model velocity section 75 15. Detailed view of pluton near Mt. Rainier from velocity model 75 16-30. Row 16-34 velocity model sections 75-76 31-42 Column 10-42 velocity sections 76 43. Vp/Vs results from tomographic P and S-wave velocity models 77 3 of 65 6/2/991:17PM Open File Report 99-311 file:///P|/ofr99-/indexhc.html 44. Interpretive geological cross-sections 78 45. Selected focal mechanisms from Cascadia 79 46. Summary of all recorded earthquakes in Washington, 1970-1997 80 47. Earthquakes at depths of 0-10 km 80 48. Earthquakes at depths of 10-20 km 80 49. Earthquakes at depths of 20-30 km 80 50. Earthquakes at depths of 30-60 km 80 51. East-west seismicity cross-sections 81-83 52. North-south seismicity cross-sections 84-86 53. Stress and deformation indicators 87 54. Heat flow values for Cascadia 87 55. Finite-element grid used in anelastic models for Cascadia 87 56. Maximum horizontal stress vectors from best-fitting Cascadia model 87 57. Stress vectors for low subduction thrust tractions 88 58. Pn anisotropy results for Cascadia 88 59. Plate interactions in western North America 88 60. Finite-element stress model of western U.S. 88 61. Surface velocities for best-fitting Cascadia model 89 62. Fault slip rates for best-fitting Cascadia model 89 63. Earthquakes at depths of 15-30 km in relation to key Crescent Formation block 89 64. Radiocarbon date evidence for 1100 yr B.P. earthquake in Puget Sound region 89 Al-Resolution tests for P-wave velocity model 90 4 of 65 6/2/99 1:17 PM Open File Report 99-311 file:///P|/ofr99-/indexhc.html SUBDUCTION ZONE AND CRUSTAL DYNAMICS OF WESTERN WASHINGTON: A TECTONIC MODEL FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS EVALUATION By Dal Stanley, Antonio Villasenor, and Harley Benz Abstract: The Cascadia subduction zone is extremely complex in the western Washington region, involving local deformation of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate and complicated block structures in the crust. It has been postulated that the Cascadia subduction zone could be the source for a large thrust earthquake, possibly as large as M9.0. Large intraplate earthquakes from within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Puget Sound region have accounted for most of the energy release in this century and future such large earthquakes are expected. Added to these possible hazards is clear evidence for strong crustal deformation events in the Puget Sound region near faults such as the Seattle fault, which passes through the southern Seattle metropolitan area. In order to understand the nature of these individual earthquake sources and their possible interrelationship, we have conducted an extensive seismotectonic study of the region. We have employed P-wave velocity models developed using local earthquake tomography as a key tool in this research. Other information utilized includes geological, paleoseismic, gravity, magnetic, magnetotelluric, deformation, seismicity, focal mechanism and geodetic data. Neotectonic concepts were tested and augmented through use of anelastic (creep) deformation models based on thin-plate, finite-element techniques developed by Peter Bird, UCLA. These programs model anelastic strain rate, stress, and velocity fields for given rheological parameters, variable crust and lithosphere thicknesses, heat flow, and elevation. Known faults in western Washington and the main Cascadia subduction thrust were incorporated in the modeling process. The Cascadia subduction zone is extremely complex in the western Washington region, involving local deformation of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate and complicated block structures in the crust. It has been postulated that the Cascadia subduction zone could be the source for a large thrust earthquake, possibly as large as M9.0. Large intraplate earthquakes from within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Puget Sound region have accounted for most of the energy release in this century and future such large earthquakes are expected. Added to these possible hazards is clear evidence for strong crustal deformation events in the Puget Sound region near faults such as the Seattle fault, which passes through the southern Seattle metropolitan area. In order to understand the nature of these individual earthquake sources and their possible interrelationship, we have conducted an extensive seismotectonic study of the region. We have employed P-wave velocity models developed using local earthquake tomography as a key tool in this research. Other information utilized includes geological, paleoseismic, gravity, magnetic, magnetotelluric, deformation, seismicity, focal mechanism and geodetic data. Neotectonic concepts were tested and augmented through use of anelastic (creep) deformation models based on thin-plate, finite-element techniques developed by Peter Bird, UCLA. These programs model anelastic strain rate, stress, and velocity fields for given rheological parameters, variable crust and lithosphere thicknesses, heat flow, and elevation. Known faults in western Washington and the main Cascadia subduction thrust were incorporated in the modeling process. Significant results from the velocity models include delineation of a previously studied arch in the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. The axis of the arch is oriented in the direction of current subduction and asymmetrically deformed due to the effects of a northern buttress mapped in the velocity models. This buttress occurs under the North Cascades region of Washington and under southern Vancouver Island. We find that regional faults zones such as the Devils Mt. and Darrington zones follow the margin of this buttress and the Olympic-Wallowa lineament forms its southern boundary east of the Puget Lowland. Thick, high-velocity, lower-crustal rocks are interpreted to be a mafic/ultramafic wedge occuring just above the subduction thrust. This mafic wedge appears to be jointly deformed with the arch, suggesting strong coupling between the subducting plate and upper plate crust in the Puget Sound region at depths >30 km. Such tectonic coupling is possible if brittle-ductile transition temperatures for mafic/ultramafic rocks on both sides of the thrust are assumed. The deformation models show that dominant north-south compression in the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon is controlled by a highly mafic crust and low heat flow, allowing efficient transmission of margin-parallel shear from Pacific plate interaction with North America. Complex stress patterns which curve around the Puget Sound region require a concentration of northwest-directed shear in the North Cascades of Washington. The preferred model shows that greatest horizontal shortening occurs across the Devils Mt. fault zone and the east end of the Seattle fault. 5 of 65 6/2/99 11:20 AM Open File Report 99-311 file:///P|/ofr99-/indexhc.html

Subduction zone and crustal dynamics of western Washington; a tectonic model for earthquake hazards evaluation