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Grain-size analyses were performed on 61 samples from New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, and on 25 samples from the New Haven Dumping Grounds (Central Long Island Sound Disposal Site) in northcentral Long Island Sound. The relative grain-size frequency distributions and related statistics are reported herein. Descriptions of the benthic character from video tapes and still camera photographs of the bottom at these stations, and 5 others from New Haven Harbor, are also presented. In the New Haven Harbor study area, silts and clayey silts dominate the main shipping channel north of Lighthouse Point, within the abandoned borrow pit in Morris Cove, northwest of the middle breakwater, and in smaller patches just north and south of the eastern breakwater. Slightly coarser sandy silts occur in the shallower areas within Morris Cove and around the western breakwater. Sands are prevalent off Oyster River Point and in a broad band that extends south-southwest from West Haven across the central part of the study area. Gravelly sediments are present around Lighthouse and Morgan Points. Muddy sediments dominate the lower energy environment in the vicinity of the New Haven Dumping Grounds. Coarser sediments, where present, consist of medium-to-fine grained sands associated with dredge spoils or the materials used to cap these spoils. INTRODUCTION This study builds upon cooperative research with the State of Connecticut that was initiated in 1982. During the initial phase of this cooperative program, geologic framework studies in Long Island Sound were completed (Lewis and Needell, 1987; Needell and others, 1987; Lewis and Stone, 1991). The second and current phase of the program emphasizes studies of sea floor sediment distributions, processes that control these distributions, nearshore environmental concerns, and the relationship of benthic community structures to the sea floor geology. Anthropogenic wastes, toxic chemicals, and changes in land use patterns from residential, commercial, and recreational development have stressed the environment of the Sound causing degradation and potential loss of benthic habitats (Long Island Sound Study, 1994). Data on surficial sediment attributes are needed to help evaluate the extent of adverse impacts and manage resources in the future. The purpose of this study was: 1) to measure the grain size distributions of surficial sediment samples from New Haven Harbor, Connecticut's major port, and from the New Haven Dumping Ground, the most active disposal site in Long Island Sound 2) to determine the frequency distributions of the grain-size data, and 3) to calculate statistical descriptions that adequately characterize these samples. These grain-size data will eventually be used to help describe the sedimentary processes active in this portion of Long Island Sound, and to evaluate near-shore sand and gravel resources. Other potential uses for these textural data include benthic biologic studies that evaluate faunal distributions and relate them to habitats, and geochemical studies involving the transport and deposition of pollutants. STUDY AREA Long Island Sound is about 182 km long by a maximum of 32 km wide. It is bordered on the north by the rocky shoreline of Connecticut, on the east by the Race and Block Island Sound, on the south by the eroding sandy bluffs of Long Island, and on the west by the East River and the New York metropolitan area. Long Island Sound is an estuary; a place where saltwater from the ocean is mixed with fresh water drained from the land. Because of their unique physical and chemical oceanography, estuaries are among the most highly productive environments in the world (Long Island Sound Study, 1994). The New Haven Harbor study area (Figs. 1, 2), which covers about 27.4 km2 along the central Connecticut shoreline, falls largely within the harbor, but extends offshore covering most of the area between Morgan and Oyster River Points. New Haven Harbor is not only Connecticut's major commercial port facility, but is also part of a thriving shellfish aquaculture industry. The farmed shellfish, primarily eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams or quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria) , thrive under conditions that include: a stable shallow-water habitat, appropriate nutrient availability, suitable salinities, and favorable tidal current patterns (John Volk, 1997, Connecticut Department of Agriculture). Much of the northern part of the study area lies within a seaward extension of the Central Lowland of Connecticut and, therefore, is presumably underlain by Mesozoic rocks. The principle onshore equivalent of these rocks, the New Haven Arkose (Upper Triassic, possibly Lower Jurassic at the top), is composed of red, pink, and gray, coarse-grained, locally conglomeratic, poorly sorted sandstone interbedded with layers of reddish micaceous siltstone (Flint, 1965; Rodgers, 1985). The Light House Gneiss, a pink or gray to red, medium grained, generally well foliated granitic gneiss(Proterozoic ?) , underlies most of the land south of Morris Cove and crops out near Lighthouse and Morgan Points. The Eastern Boundary Fault, which separates the New haven Arkose from the Light House Gneiss, continues west-southwestward under the study area across the southern part of Morris Cove. The gray to silver, medium to fine grained, well layered to laminated rocks of the Oronoque Schist (Lower Ordovician?) underlie the southwestern part of the study area. These rocks crop out at Bradley and Oyster River Points (Rodgers, 1985). Three valleys incised in the bedrock, which are seaward extensions of the West, Quinnipiac, and Farm River Valleys, coalesce under the inner harbor to form a single linear valley that extends toward the west-southwest (Sanders, 1965) . The bedrock across much of southeastern Connecticut is unconformably overlain by two tills, one of pre-Wisconsinan age and 73 °4 0' W 73 °2 0'W 73 °0 0' W 72 °4 0' W 72 °2 0' W 72 °0 0' W C O N N E C T IC U T NI AN TI C BA Y " in « fT ~ FI SH ER S SU RV EY NE W L O ND O N ,S LA ND N E W Y O R K NE W H AV EN | I HA MS AF SVS ET SU RV EY ' ' SU RV EY FA LK NE R IS LA ND SU RV EY A /r i DU M PI NG G RO UN D C fl t/ /V t/ SU RV EY J l/ « " B LO C K IS LA N D SO UN D M IL FO RD SU RV EY RQ AN O KE P O IN T SU RV EY 0 10 K IL O M ET ER S m l I 4I °2 0' N 4I °0 0' N Fi gu re 1. In de x ma p sh ow in g th e lo ca ti on of th e Ne w Ha ve n Ha rb or an d N e w H a v e n Du mp in g Gr ou nd s (C en tr al Lo ng Is la nd So un d Di sp os al Si te ) st ud y ar ea s (h at ch ed p ol yg on s) . Ma p al so sh ow s th e lo ca ti on s of ot he r s i d e s c a n so na r a n d sa mp li ng su rv ey s (o pe n po ly go ns ) c o n d u c t e d as p ar t of th is se ri es (N or wa lk : Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 96 a; Tw ic he ll an d ot he rs , 19 97 ; Mi lf or d: Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 96 b; Tw ic he ll an d ot he rs , 19 98 ; Fa lk ne r Is la nd : Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 97 c; Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 97 d; Ha mm on as se t Be ac h: Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 95 ; Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 97 a; R o a n o k e Po in t: Po pp e a n d ot he rs , 19 97 e; Po pp e a n d ot he rs , 19 98 a; Ni an ti c Ba y: Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 96 c; Po pp e a n d ot he rs , 19 98 b ; N e w Lo nd on : Po pp e a n d ot he rs , 19 92 ; M o f f e t t an d ot he rs , 19 94 ; Fi sh er s Is la nd So un d: Po pp e a n d ot he rs , 19 94 ; Po pp e an d ot he rs , 19 97 b) .

Distribution of surficial sediments in New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, and the New Haven Dumping Grounds, north-central Long Island Sound