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5 Introduction6 Analytical methods7 Hydrothermal mineralogy  8 Zeolite minerals  8 Carbonate minerals 12 Sheet-silicate minerals  14 Silica minerals  17 Sulfide minerals  18 Sulfate minerals  19 Other minerals  19 Fluid inclusion data 21 Bacteria-like particles 23 Summary and conclusions24 Acknowledgments26 References cited 26 FIGURES 1. Location map of Medicine Lake volcano, northern California  30 2. Topographic map of Medicine Lake volcano showing the location of 11 of the 12 geothermal prospect drill holes included in this study  31 3. Diagrams (a to k) showing the distribution of hydrothermal alteration minerals with depth in sampled geothermal drill holes of the Medicine Lake volcano area 32 4. Scanning electron micrograph showing subhedral, trapezohedral analcime crystals  43 5. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of analcime and wairakite  44 6. Scanning electron micrograph of subhedral, trapezohedral wairakite crystals . . .45 7. Scanning electron micrograph showing euhedral, twinned chabazite crystals .. .46 8. Scanning electron micrograph of euhedral to subhedral crystals of a heulandite group mineral 47 9. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram showing chemical differences between heulandite group minerals clinoptilolite and heulandite  .48 10. Scanning electron micrograph of euhedral, prismatic laumontite crystals  .49 11. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of laumontite 50 12. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of levyne  51 13. Scanning electron micrograph showing radiating, fibrous, mordenite crystals .. 52 14. Scanning electron micrograph of euhedral, blocky phillipsite crystals  53 15 Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of phillipsite .54 16. Scanning electron micrograph showing acicular to fibrous crystals of scolecite 55 17. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of scolecite56 18. Scanning electron micrograph showing flat-topped rectangular crystals of stilbite/stellerite?  .57 19. Ca+Mg Na K+Ba+Sr ternary diagram for electron microprobe analyses of thomsonite58 20. Scanning electron micrograph showing rhombic dolomite crystals  .59 21. Scanning electron micrographs showing: a. A stacked cluster of rhombic siderite crystals, b. Siderite crystal clusters filling a lithophysal cavity, c. Spherical and hemispherical clusters of rhombic siderite crystals lining a fracture surface . d. Internal structure of broken spherical siderite crystal clusters, e. Flattened disc-shaped cluster of siderite crystals, f. Flattened disc-shaped cluster of siderite crystals  60 22. Photograph of different colored (pale yellow to dark caramel) concentric growth rings of siderite crystals  66 23-39. Scanning electron micrographs showing: 23. a. Rhombic calcite crystals coating a fracture, b. Scalenohedral calcite crystals that line a fracture surface  67 24. a. A vesicle filling of closely-packed, sheet-like, smectite crystals along with blocky heulandite and fibrous to acicular mordenite. b. Randomlyoriented, sheet-like, smectite crystals 69 25. Scanning electron micrograph of drusy, euhedral, quartz crystals and later spherical clusters of randomly-oriented, sheet-like, illite crystals  71 26. a. Books of hexagonal, platy, chlorite crystals that partially coat quartz crystals, b. Euhedral quartz crystals coated by irregular, honeycomb-like, chlorite 72 27. Radiating, fan-shaped aggregates of blocky, prehnite crystals  .74 28. Tube-like opal deposits coating a fracture.  .75 29. Botryoidal cristobalite/chalcedony deposited on heulandite  76 30. Subhedral, diapyramidal, quartz crystals deposited on curved aggregates of siderite crystals  .77 31. Hexagonal, tabular, marcasite crystals and later rhombic siderite that line a fracture 78 32. Aggregates of tabular, hexagonal, pyrrhotite crystals coating lithophysal cavities  79 33. a. An open-space filling of smectite, blocky heulandite, and tiny cubic pyrite crystals, b. Framboidal clusters of pyrite crystals and natrojarosite .80 34. Yellow, powdery, fracture filling of tiny hexagonal? natrojarosite crystals .82 35. Bladed hematite deposits coating open spaces along with later smectite .83 36. Vesicle filling of euhedral adularia crystals  84 37. a. Fibrous actinolite/tremolite crystals and later, blocky, prehnite crystals, b. Fibrous to acicular actinolite/tremolite crystals with later prismatic epidote and blocky prehnite crystals 85 38. Prismatic epidote crystal .87 39. Andradite garnet crystals deposited on a fracture  .88 40. Plot of depth below ground surface vs. fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures from the ML 28-32 drill hole  89 41. Plot of depth below ground surface vs. fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures from the ML 45-36 drill hole  90 42. Scanning electron micrographs showing bacteria-like particles attached to quartz crystals from the ML 45-36 drill hole 91 43. Scanning electron micrographs showing bacteria-like particles on crystals of a heulandite-group mineral from the ML 28-32 drill hole  .93 44. Photomicrograph of a liquid-rich, primary fluid inclusion in a quartz crystal from the ML 45-36 drill hole 95 45. Photograph of tiny, rodlike particles trapped inside a fluid inclusion  96

u.s. geological survey open file report/open-file report

Estimated temperatures for geothermal drill holes at Medicine Lake Volcano, northeastern California, based on fluid inclusion and hydrothermal mineralogy studies