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Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surfaceand ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the middle Chattahoochee River in Georgia and Alabama, and upper Flint River in Georgia, Subarea 2 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 2 encompasses about 4,100 square miles (mi2), which includes about 2,250 mi2 of the Chattahoochee River basin and 1,850 mi2 of the Flint River basin in the Piedmont physiographic province of west-central Georgia and eastern Alabama. Subarea 2 includes about 26 percent of the total 8,740 square-mile area of the Chattahoochee River basin and about 22 percent of the total 8,460 square-mile area of the Flint River basin. The study area is underlain by a two-component aquifer system composed of a fractured, crystalline-rock aquifer characterized by little or no primary porosity or permeability; and the overlying weathered regolith (saprolite), which generally behaves as a porous-media aquifer. In some areas, a transition zone lies between the regolith and unweathered crystalline bedrock. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably represents steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to streams (baseflow) is considered to represent the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an automated hydrograph-separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground-water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow exiting Subarea 2 was estimated to be 5,800 cubic feet per second. Mean-annual baseflow represented about 68 percent of total meanannual stream discharge in the Chattahoochee River basin and 49 percent in the Flint River basin at the Subarea 2 Subarea 3 boundary. Stream discharge for selected sites on the Chattahoochee River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained severe droughts occurred throughout most of the ACF-ACT area. Stream discharge was assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated baseflow (unregulated) near the end of the individual drought years averaged about 13 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in the Chattahoochee River basin and 8.7 percent in the Flint River basin in Subarea 2. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 2. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was about 1.2 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in Georgia and 1.7 percent in Alabama; and 11.4 and 14.5 percent of the average drought flow in Georgia and Alabama, respectively. Because ground-water use in Subarea 2 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 2 in one State is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surfacewater occurrence in the other. Indications of long-term ground-water level declines were not observed; however, the number and distribution of observation wells for which long-term water-level measurements are available in Subarea 2 are insufficient to draw conclusions. INTRODUCTION Increased and competing demands for water and the droughts of 1980-81, 1986, and 1988 in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins have focused the attention of water managers and users in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, on the water resources in the two basins. The ACF-ACT River basins encompass about 42,400 square miles (mi2) and extend from near the GeorgiaTennessee State line, through most of central and southern Alabama and Georgia and part of the Florida panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 1). Groundand surface-water systems of the ACF-ACT River basins behave as an integrated, dynamic flow system comprised of an interconnected network of aquifers, streams, reservoirs, control structures, floodplains, and estuaries. The degree of hydrologic interaction between ground water and surface water suggests that the water resources be investigated and managed as a single hydrologic entity, to account for the climatic and anthropogenic factors that influence the flow systems. Recent water projects and resource allocations, and other actions proposed by Federal, State, and local agencies, have resulted in conflicts among the States of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). The Corps has been given the authority to regulate the Nation's surface waters through the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1927, in accordance with the U.S. House of Representatives Document Number 308, 69th U.S. Congress. Proposed projects designed to increase development and to re-allocate surface-water supplies in Georgia, based on revised operating practices of control structures for flood control, navigation, and hydropower generation, and a proposal to construct a dam and reservoir have met with opposition from Alabama and Florida. As a result, in 1991, the U.S. Congress authorized the Corps to initiate a Comprehensive Study of the ACF-ACT River basins that would "develop the needed basin and water-resources data and recommend an interstate mechanism for resolving issues" (Draft Plan of Study, Comprehensive Study, Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa and Apalachicola-ChattahoocheeFlint River basins, prepared by: The Comprehensive Study Technical Coordination Group, July 1991, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District). In 1992, the Governors of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia; and the U.S. Army, Assistant Secretary for Civil Works, signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MO A) establishing a partnership to address interstate water-resource issues and promote coordinated systemwide management of water resources An important part of this process is the Comprehensive Study of the ACF and ACT River basins. Since this signing, the Study Partners defined scopes of work to develop relevant technical information, strategies, and plans, and to recommend a formal coordination mechanism for the long-term, basinwide management and use of water resources needed to meet environmental, public health, and economic needs (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written commun., 1993). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was requested to assist in the development of a scope of work for the ground-water-supply element of the Comprehensive Study, and in June 1993, was asked to conduct that study element. Eight subareas of the ACF-ACT River basins were identified by the Study Partners and the USGS on the basis of hydrologic and physiographic boundaries. Addressing the study at the smaller, subarea scale within the ACF-ACT River basins facilitated evaluation of the ground-water resources on a more detailed scale. This report is one of a series of eight reports that present results of ground-water studies of the ACF-ACT subareas.

u.s. geological survey open file report/open-file report

Ground-water resources of the middle Chattahoochee River basin in Georgia and Alabama, and upper Flint River basin in Georgia - Subarea 2 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins