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In the past the U.S. Geological Survey has communicated by computer through the use of the Prime minicomputers and a private network called GEONET. Desk-top systems such as personnel computers and UNIX workstations worked only in a stand-alone mode but were connected to the world through a serial connection to the Prime. With the implementation of Local Area Networks (LAN's) at each site, connection was established at the desk-top level. This connection offers greater advantages and flexibility; it also brings with it greater responsibilities. Choosing the correct LAN from the many available types is determined by many different factors such as physical layout of the site, type of equipment, the level of functionality desired, and cost. The U.S. Geological Survey has implemented many different types of LAN's to fulfill each site's requirements. The only consistent feature has been that the LAN's are ethernet-based and that they use TCP/IP (Transmit Connect Protocol/Internet Protocol) as their main protocol. This lecture will describe some of the LAN's that are currently implemented within the U.S. Geological Survey as examples of the LAN technology. 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. Use of the GEONET name in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONTINGENCY PLANNING A UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CASE STUDY By Carol A. Lawson 1 ABSTRACT The 1990's have been identified by the United Nations as being the Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction. The potential for natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, landslides, earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions is recognized as being significant throughout the world. Awareness of the potential for natural and man-induced disasters such as fire, power outages, and floods are significant to the business and government communities in terms of their effect on operations. Contingency planning is an important process that business and government must undergo in order to minimize the effect of natural and man-induced disasters. On October 17, 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Western Region Headquarters in Menlo Park, Calif., experienced the damaging effects of the Loma Prieta earthquake. Without a formal contingency plan in place, many problems were encountered. The most significant problems identified were the loss of power and the corresponding disruption of communication services. These problems occurred because most of the systems were not properly supported by a backup power system. This disruption to the telecommunications systems not only affected the ability of USGS management to communicate among themselves, but also prevented scientists and managers from communicating with and transmitting data to external emergency response agencies and bureau management. These identified deficiencies led the USGS management to develop a management contingency plan, formulate the agency's involvement in a Bay Area Response Plan, and develop a telecommunications contingency plan to support both the management and scientific plans in the Menlo Park area. The telecommunications contingency plan employed riskand impact-analysis techniques to identify deficiencies and vulnerabilities, and to establish minimally acceptable operational conditions. A series of backup and new systems were obtained and implemented. For example, among the items procured were backup generators to power critical communication systems and offices; supplemental telephones services for management and key scientists; hand-held radios for portable communications among managers and building coordinators; microwave telephones links to area codes outside of the disaster-affected area; and a satellite telephone system having minimal dependence on land-based operations. The microwave and satellite telephones were placed in a communications command center, servicing both the management and scientific needs of the USGS offices at Menlo Park. Each contingency system was tested in the context of a simulated disaster, and procedural deficiencies were identified. These deficiencies continue to be corrected, and additional tests are being conducted as a part of the ongoing process of planning for disasters.The 1990's have been identified by the United Nations as being the Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction. The potential for natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, landslides, earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions is recognized as being significant throughout the world. Awareness of the potential for natural and man-induced disasters such as fire, power outages, and floods are significant to the business and government communities in terms of their effect on operations. Contingency planning is an important process that business and government must undergo in order to minimize the effect of natural and man-induced disasters. On October 17, 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Western Region Headquarters in Menlo Park, Calif., experienced the damaging effects of the Loma Prieta earthquake. Without a formal contingency plan in place, many problems were encountered. The most significant problems identified were the loss of power and the corresponding disruption of communication services. These problems occurred because most of the systems were not properly supported by a backup power system. This disruption to the telecommunications systems not only affected the ability of USGS management to communicate among themselves, but also prevented scientists and managers from communicating with and transmitting data to external emergency response agencies and bureau management. These identified deficiencies led the USGS management to develop a management contingency plan, formulate the agency's involvement in a Bay Area Response Plan, and develop a telecommunications contingency plan to support both the management and scientific plans in the Menlo Park area. The telecommunications contingency plan employed riskand impact-analysis techniques to identify deficiencies and vulnerabilities, and to establish minimally acceptable operational conditions. A series of backup and new systems were obtained and implemented. For example, among the items procured were backup generators to power critical communication systems and offices; supplemental telephones services for management and key scientists; hand-held radios for portable communications among managers and building coordinators; microwave telephones links to area codes outside of the disaster-affected area; and a satellite telephone system having minimal dependence on land-based operations. The microwave and satellite telephones were placed in a communications command center, servicing both the management and scientific needs of the USGS offices at Menlo Park. Each contingency system was tested in the context of a simulated disaster, and procedural deficiencies were identified. These deficiencies continue to be corrected, and additional tests are being conducted as a part of the ongoing process of planning for disasters. 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. USE OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS By Tim D. Liebermann

Computer-science guest-lecture series at Langston University sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey; abstracts, 1992-93