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4 Introduction 5 Description of the Central Oklahoma aquifer  6 Hennessey Group  6 Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation  9 Chase, Council-Grove, and Admire Groups  9 Methods  10 Sampling  10 Whole-rock X-ray diffraction  10 Clay mineralogy  13 Petrography  13 Results  16 Whole-rock X-ray diffraction  16 Clay-size fraction mineralogy  18 Petrography  18 Detrital Minerals  18 Quartz  18 Polycrystalline quartz  19 Plagioclase  19 Potassium feldspar  19 Rock fragments  19 Heavy minerals  20 Micas  20 Matrix  20 Authigenic Constituents  21 Barite  21 Calcite  21 Dolomite  21 Goethite  21 Hematite  22 Kaolinite  22 Manganese oxides  22 Secondary Quartz  22 Voids  23 X-ray diffraction vs. point count results  23 Constituents of the rocks with large contents of NOTS  23 Summary and Future Work  24 References Cited 26 List of Tables Table 1 Location of test holes cored for this study 11 Table 2 X-ray diffraction peaks used for mineralogical analyses  12 Table 3. Average abundances of major constituents as estimated by X-ray diffraction  14 Table 4. Mean volume abundances of major constituents of sandstones determined from point count results  17 Table 5 Recognized residences of NOTS and other transition metals  25 List of Figures Fig. 1. Location of the Central Oklahoma aquifer and test holes cored for this study 7 Fig. 2. Generalized geologic map of Central Oklahoma 8 List of Appendices App. 1. Results of whole-rock X-ray diffraction analyses .... 28 App. 2. Clay mineralogy results  35 App. 3. Brief descriptions of rock samples used for thin sections  38 App. 4. Results of point count analyses of thin sections .... 45 MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY OF PERMIAN ROCKS IN THE CENTRAL OKLAHOMA AQUIFER by George N. Breit, Cyndi Rice, Ken Esposito, and Jamie L. Schlottmann Abstract Permian rocks of the Central Oklahoma aquifer from nine cored test holes were analyzed to determine their mineralogical composition and petrographic characteristics. Eight of the holes were sited in areas where ground water is known to contain concentrations of arsenic, chromium, selenium, or gross residual-alpha-particle activities that exceed public drinking water standards; the nineth hole is located in an area of generally good water quality. The Permian clastic sedimentary units sampled by the test holes included 1) the Hennessey Group, 2) the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, and 3) the Chase, Council-Grove and Admire Groups. Whole-rock mineralogy was determined for 196 samples; 70 samples were analyzed for clay mineralogy and 160 thin sections were point counted. Sandstones in the aquifer are quartz arenites to sublitharenites. Quartz and illite-rich clays are the dominant detrital constituents. Plagioclase, dolostone, potassium feldspars, chert, metamorphic rock fragments, and chlorite are minor detrital phases. Common authigenic minerals in the rock include barite, calcite, dolomite, goethite, hematite, kaolinite, and quartz as overgrowths. All of the units sampled have similar compositions, although the core from the test hole sited in an area of good water quality lacked dolomite, chlorite, and plagioclase. Results of these analyses will be used in future reports to describe and interpret rock-water interaction within the aquifer.Permian rocks of the Central Oklahoma aquifer from nine cored test holes were analyzed to determine their mineralogical composition and petrographic characteristics. Eight of the holes were sited in areas where ground water is known to contain concentrations of arsenic, chromium, selenium, or gross residual-alpha-particle activities that exceed public drinking water standards; the nineth hole is located in an area of generally good water quality. The Permian clastic sedimentary units sampled by the test holes included 1) the Hennessey Group, 2) the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, and 3) the Chase, Council-Grove and Admire Groups. Whole-rock mineralogy was determined for 196 samples; 70 samples were analyzed for clay mineralogy and 160 thin sections were point counted. Sandstones in the aquifer are quartz arenites to sublitharenites. Quartz and illite-rich clays are the dominant detrital constituents. Plagioclase, dolostone, potassium feldspars, chert, metamorphic rock fragments, and chlorite are minor detrital phases. Common authigenic minerals in the rock include barite, calcite, dolomite, goethite, hematite, kaolinite, and quartz as overgrowths. All of the units sampled have similar compositions, although the core from the test hole sited in an area of good water quality lacked dolomite, chlorite, and plagioclase. Results of these analyses will be used in future reports to describe and interpret rock-water interaction within the aquifer. INTRODUCTION Beginning in 1986, the Congress has appropriated funds annually for the U.S. Geological Survey to test and refine concepts for a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. To develop the basic techniques needed to meet the goals of a full-scale program, seven pilot projects were initiated to study three major ground-water systems and four major surface-water systems. The long-term goals of the program are as follows: (1) Provide a nationally consistent description of current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's surfaceand ground-water resources, (2) Define long term trends (or lack of trends) in water quality, and (3) Identify, describe and explain, as possible, the major factors that affect the observed water-quality conditions and trends. The results of the NAWQA program will be made available to water managers, policy makers, and the public to provide an improved scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of water-quality management programs (Hirsch and others, 1988). One of the ground-water systems evaluated as a NAWQA pilot project is the Central Oklahoma aquifer. This aquifer was selected because it is a major source of water supplies in central Oklahoma and because it has several known or suspected water-quality problems as reviewed by Parkhurst and others (1989). Among these problems are arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and selenium (Se) concentrations that locally exceed public drinking water standards, large gross-alpha-particle activities, contamination by synthetic organic compounds and contamination by oil-field brines. In addition, large contents of uranium (U) have been detected in water from some wells. The large concentrations of As, Cr, Se and U and large gross-alpha-particle activities are not obviously related to anthropogenic activity and are presumed to be the result of rock-water interaction within the aquifer. To evaluate the processes responsible for mobilization of these potentially toxic, naturally occurring trace substances (NOTS), a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources and Geologic Divisions was organized. Detailed studies of the water and associated rocks are in progress. This report summarizes results of one aspect of the study the mineralogical and petrographic study of rocks from the aquifer. Because many of the changes in composition of ground water within the aquifer are the result of reactions between rock and water, a characterization of solid constituents of the aquifer is important. Additional reports will describe (1) the chemical composition of the rocks (Hosier and others, 1990) , (2) geophysical log characteristics of the test holes and ground-water chemistry, and (3) lithologic variations of the cores. The detailed study of NOTS in the western part of the study unit was conducted in cooperation with the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments. Description of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer The Central Oklahoma aquifer (Fig. 1) extends from the Canadian River on the south to the Cimarron River on the north and to the limit of freshwater circulation, which coincides approximately with the Oklahoma-Canadian and Lincoln-Kingfisher County lines on the west. The easternmost extent of the aquifer is along the contact of the Pennsylvanian Vanoss Formation with the Permian Chase, Council-Grove, and Admire Groups. The depth of the aquifer is variable and defined by the base of freshwater (<5000 mg/L total dissolved solids), which ranges between 100 and 1000 feet below the land surface (Parkhurst and others, 19

Mineralogy and petrography of Permian rocks in the Central Oklahoma aquifer