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In the Valley and Ridge physiographic province of Pennsylvania, 137 springs have a single or median discharge value equal to or greater than 100 gallons per minute. Information for these large springs has been tabulated to summarize the data useful to the U.S. Geological Survey's Appalachian Valleys--Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis study. Among the springs measured or estimated to date (1989), 39 are of the fourth magnitude (100 to 449 gallons per minute), 83 of the third magnitude (449 to 4,490 gallons per minute), 15 of the second magnitude (4,490 to 44,900 gallons per minute), and none of the first magnitude (greater than 44,900 gallons per minute). There are 123 springs that discharge from carbonate rocks, 9 from clean sandstone, 3 from shale and other interbedded rock types, and 2 from unconsolidated material. INTRODUCTION This report presents discharge data and other information on 137 large springs in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. This information will be used for the U.S. Geological Survey's Appalachian Valleys--Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (APRASA) study, an investigation of the quantity and quality of ground-water resources in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces (fig. 1). The data available from these springs provide insight into the ground-water systems with which they are associated. The types of flow systems, size of drainage areas, and types of rock are some of the information about the ground-water systems associated with springs that may be hypothesized using the available data. Large springs are defined in this report as those springs with a discharge equal to or greater than 100 gal/min (gallons per minute). Most of the large springs in Pennsylvania are in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province (fig. 2). This province extends northeastward from the south-central to the east-central borders of Pennsylvania in an arc that is about 70 mi (miles) wide. Water from springs has been, and is, used for a wide variety of purposes. These include fish hatcheries, stock supply, industry, irrigation, cooling, and recreation. Many springs are used either as the primary or supplemental source of water for municipal supplies.

Large springs in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province of Pennsylvania