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Public water supplies in Ohio withdrew 1,420 million gallons per day in 1985 to supply 83 percent of the population. The State ranked seventh in the Nation in publicwater-supply withdrawals and sixth in the population (8.9 million) served by public-water suppliers. Ohio ranked 31st in total public-water-supply use per capita at 160 gallons per day, whereas the National average was 183 gallons per day. Comparison of the population trend with the reservoir storage trend from 1880 to 1985 in Ohio indicates an increasing reliance by public water supplies on Ohio's surfacewater sources. Counties reporting high per capita usage rates generally are in the northern part of the State and generally tap surface-water sources. Counties characterized by high per capita use also tend to be in areas of high population density. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency maintain statewide inventories of water-use data and are the principal sources of public-water-supply data at the State level. INTRODUCTION On June 25,1839, Cincinnati (fig. 1) became the first major municipality in Ohio to have a public water supply (Frost, 1985), when the citizens of that city voted to purchase a private water company following a 20-percent rate increase. Since then, public-water supplies have expanded to serve 83 percent of Ohio's population in 1985. Public-water-supply data from a single, standardized source are needed by managers and planners to aid in resolving water source and distribution problems. Ohio public-water-supply data are collected, stored, and distributed through a State-Federal Cooperative Water-Use data base begun in 1978. This report estimates withdrawals from Ohio's public water supplies, documents sources for the year 1985, and describes comparisons of estimated public-water-supply data for 1980 and 1985. ESTIMATES OF WATER WITHDRAWN AND POPULATION SERVED BY PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES Public water suppliers in Ohio withdrew nearly 1,420 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1985. Estimated total public-water-supply withdrawals consisted of 1,020 Mgal/d of surface water and 395 Mgal/d of ground water. Ohio ranked seventh in the Nation in public-water-supply withdrawals and sixth in the number of people served (8.9 million). Table 1 compares 1980 data with 1985 data and shows percentage differences between 1980 and 1985. A negative percentage indicates a decline from 1980 to 1985, whereas an unsigned percentage indicates an increase. The table shows a decrease in population, a 9 0 ° 8 5 ° 8 0 ° 7 5 ° 4 5 ' 4 0 ° 3 0 0 M IL E S 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 K IL O M E T E R S B as e fr o m U .S . G e o lo g ic a l S u rv ey . _ C o n g re s s io n a l D is tr ic ts , 1 9 6 8 . F ig u re 1 . L o c a ti o n o f O h io an d m aj o r h yd ro lo g ic fe a tu re s . decrease in surface-water withdrawals, and a decrease in the population served by ground water and the total population served by public supplies. Increases are indicated in the ground water withdrawn for public supplies and the population served by surface water, which increased only slightly. Ohio ranked 31st in total public-water-supply use per capita at 160 gal/d (gallons per day). Figure 2 shows the 26 counties of Ohio for which public-water-supply use was at least 150 gal/d per person. The 13 counties served primarily by surface water generally were in the northern half of the State, and the 13 counties served primarily by ground water generally were in central Ohio. The areas indicated on the map in figure 2 correspond to areas of high population density (fig. 3). PRINCIPAL WATER SOURCES FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES Availability of surface water or the productivity of aquifers and water quality determine the dominant water source in a given area of the State. Figure 4 shows the predominant source of water, by county, for public water supplies in Ohio. Ground water is the predominant source for public water supplies in 42 counties, whereas surface water is the predominant source for the remaining 46 counties. Parts of southwestern Ohio are underlain by unconsolidated, buried-valley aquifers that generally produce more than half of the water tapped by public water supplies in that area. Parts of northeastern and central Ohio are also underlain by buried-valley aquifers, but the public water supplies there are less dependent on ground water. Eastern, southeastern, and southern counties withdraw ground water mostly from sandstones and limestones for public supplies because demands are relatively small and within the yields of local aquifers. Central, northern, and northwestern Ohio counties depend primarily on surface water for public supplies. Ground water, if available, is cheaper to develop than is surface water as a reliable water source in areas where the terrain is rugged and streamflows are highly variable. Ground water withdrawn by public water supplies in Ohio commonly comes from one of seven principal aquifers. Table 2 lists the aquifer types, the amounts of ground water withdrawn from the aquifers for all uses and by public water supplies, and publicwater-supply use as a percentage of all uses. Table 2 indicates that coarse-grained alluvial aquifers (delineated on fig. 5) provide almost 70 percent of the ground water used by public-water supplies statewide. The counties whose public water supplies predominantly use ground water (fig. 4) are generally found in the areas of coarse-grained aquifers (fig. 5). Water withdrawn from surface-water sources by public water supplies is grouped by drainage basin in table 3. (Basins are delineated on figure 6 and can be correlated with table 3.) Table 3 lists the State's drainage basins, amounts of surface water withdrawn for all uses and by public water supplies, and public-water-supply use as a percentage of all uses. Greater than 60 percent of the total amount of surface water used by public water supplies in Ohio is withdrawn in the area from Cleveland to Toledo (Southern and Western Lake Erie basins).

Withdrawal and distribution of water by public water supplies in Ohio, 1985